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lab practicum 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three parts of the penis?

A

root, shaft and glans penis

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2
Q

What two parts are the penis formed by?

A

corpus cavernosum and corpus spongiosum

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3
Q

What type of penis increases in length during erection?

A

fibroelastic penis

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4
Q

What penis type increases in width during an erection?

A

musculovascular penis

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5
Q

What muscle maintains the S-shape of the penis?

A

the retractor penis muscle

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6
Q

What are the two compartments of the parenchyma?

A

the interstitial compartment and the tubule compartment

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7
Q

What cells produce testosterone?

A

leydig cells

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8
Q

Where are sperm cells developed?

A

the seminiferous tubules

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9
Q

T/F: You can see the seminiferous tubules with your naked eye

A

F

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10
Q

What maintains the integrity of the rete tubules?

A

mediastinum

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11
Q

T/F: The epididymis lies adjacent to the testis and is not apart of the testis

A

T

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12
Q

Where do sperm first go once leaving the testicle?

A

the caput epididymis

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13
Q

In what portion of the epididymis do spermatozoa gain protection factors?

A

the corpus epidiymis

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14
Q

What portion of the epididymis is sperm that is eligible for ejaculation stored in?

A

the cauda

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15
Q

What is seen in the lumen of the epididymis on histology slides?

A

sperm

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16
Q

What connects the cauda epididymis to the ampulla and is responsible for transporting sperm?

A

the vas deferens

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17
Q

What is the striated muscle supporting the testis?

A

the cremaster muscle

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18
Q

What is responsible for temperature regulation and blood supply within the testis?

A

the pampiniform plexus

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19
Q

What type of epithelium lines the vas deferens?

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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20
Q

What provides the pathway to and from the body for testicular vasculature, lymphatics, and nerves?

A

the spermatic cord

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21
Q

What species does not have an enlargement of the vas deferens?

A

boar

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22
Q

Which portion of the prostate is outside of the urethralis muscle?

A

the body

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23
Q

What gland is responsible for cleaning out the pelvic urethra before ejaculation?

A

the Cowper’s gland

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24
Q

What gland secretes a significant portion of the fluid that becomes semen and is alkaline?

A

seminal vesicles

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25
Q

What species does not have a disseminate prostate?

A

stallion

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26
Q

Secretions of GnRH come from the

A

hypothamalus

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27
Q

What gonadotropins are secreted from the AP?

A

LH and FSH

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28
Q

What gonadal steroid hormone do males produce?

A

Testosterone and Estrogen

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29
Q

What center discharges GnRH from the hypothalamus in frequent, intermittent bursts that occur throughout the day and night?

A

tonic center

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30
Q

Leydig cells contain the ____ receptor, while Sertoli cells contain the ___ receptor

A

LH, FSH

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31
Q

Spermatogenesis takes place in the

A

seminiferous tubules

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32
Q

What are the three phases of spermatogenesis?

A

proliferation, meiosis, and differentiation

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33
Q

Developing germ cells are connected by

A

intercellular bridges

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34
Q

Spermatogenesis consists of

A

the sum of all cellular transformations in developing germ cells that occur in the seminiferous epithelium

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35
Q

During which phase of spermatogenesis are there no more cell divisions?

A

the differentiation phase

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36
Q

No further cell divisions take place in this phase

A

the differentiation phase

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37
Q

Which compartment does the differentiation phase take place in?

A

the Adluminal compartment

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38
Q

What is the role of a spermatozoon?

A

to deliver the male’s genetic material to an oocyte during fertilization

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39
Q

What are the phases that occur within the differentiation phase?

A

the golgi phase, cap phase, acrosomal phase, and maturation phase

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40
Q

During which phase does the acrosomic vesicle form?

A

the golgi phase

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41
Q

What parts make up the spermatozoa?

A

the head and tail

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42
Q

The head consists of the

A

the nucleus, acrosome, and post-nuclear cap

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43
Q

The tail consists of the

A

the middle piece, principal piece, and terminal piece

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44
Q

Which phase do portions of the manchette migrate towards the tail and begin to disappear, while portions of it remain to form the postnuclear cap?

A

the maturation phase

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45
Q

What allows the release of enzymes that are packaged in the sperm to digest or penetrate the zona pellucida

A

the acrosome reaction

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46
Q

What is the role of the seminiferous tubule?

A

to produce spermatozoa

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47
Q

Can you see the seminiferous tubule with your naked eyes?

A

no

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48
Q

What cells are located in the seminiferous tubules that support sperm cells as they are maturing?

A

Sertoli cells

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49
Q

In the bull, how long does it take for the seminiferous epithelium to get from stage 5 to stage 8?

A

13.5 days

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50
Q

Daily sperm production is dependent, at least in part, on the number of ____ cells populating the testis

A

Sertoli cells

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51
Q

What orientation is a bull’s testis?

A

vertical

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52
Q

Which portion of the scrotum is heavily populated with sweat glands?

A

scrotal skin

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53
Q

T/F: The scrotal fascia is the fatty, membranous layer of the scrotum

A

T

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54
Q

Which portion of the testicle is the functional aspect where sperm cells and testosterone are developed?

A

Testicular parenchyma

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55
Q

Which portion of the male repro tract carries sperm up into the male’s body cavity?

A

Vas Deferens

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56
Q

T/F: The tubule compartment of the parenchyma is where leydig cells are found

A

F

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57
Q

Where are sperm cells developed in the male’s repro tract (specific)?

A

seminiferous tubules

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58
Q

Which cells provide support to developing germ cells and form the blood-testis barrier?

A

sertoli cells

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59
Q

what portion of the male’s repro tract do sperm first enter after leaving the testicle (specific)?

A

caput epididymis

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60
Q

T/F: sperm undergo morphological changes and gain protection factors in the corpus epididymis

A

T

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61
Q

where is spermatozoa that is eligible for ejaculation stored?

A

cauda epididymis

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62
Q
A
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63
Q

What is the most distal part of the epididymis?

A

Caudal Epididymis

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64
Q

What is the most distal part of the epididymis?

A

Caudal Epididymis

65
Q

What cells would be found at the center (lumen)?

A

Sperm

66
Q

What cell(s) is indicated by the arrow?

A
67
Q

What cell(s) is indicated by the arrow?

A

leydig cells

68
Q

Which aspects of the male assist with thermoregulation?

A

Scrotum, Cremaster Muscle, Pampiniform Plexus

69
Q

Which aspects of the male assist with thermoregulation?

A

Scrotum, Cremaster Muscle, Pampiniform Plexus

70
Q

Which of these makes up part of the scrotal Skin?
A. Tunica vaginalis
B. Tunica Dartos
C. Tunica albuginea
D. Cremaster muscle

A

B. Tunica Dartos

71
Q

Which of these makes up part of the scrotal Skin?
A. Tunica vaginalis
B. Tunica Dartos
C. Tunica albuginea
D. Cremaster muscle

A

B. Tunica Dartos

72
Q

In which species does the male not have an ampulla?
A. Bovine
B. Ovine
C. Porcine
D. Equine

A

C. Porcine

73
Q

True/False: The parenchyma is the most inner portion of the testes
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

74
Q

What makes up the excurrent duct system?
A. Efferent ducts
B. Epididymis
C. Vas deferens
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

75
Q

In which part of the epididymis do sperm get forward motility?
A. Cauda
B. Caput
C. Corpus
D. None of the above

A

A. Cauda

76
Q

What part of the sperm are primary abnormalities associated with?
A. Head
B. Tail
C. Midpiece
D. plasma

A

A. Head

77
Q

True/False: This picture contains both primary and secondary abnormalities?
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

78
Q

Which tissue type does humans and stallions have?
A. Fibroelastic
B. Musculovascular

A

B. Musculovascular

79
Q

Which muscle maintains the sigmoid flexure in a fibroelastic penis?
A. Retractor penis muscle
B. Ischiocavernosus muscle
C. Pelvic urethral muscle
D. Bulbospongiosus muscle

A

A. Retractor penis muscle

80
Q

What part of the male reproductive tract is seen below?
A. Vas deferens
B. Epididymis
C. Ampulla
D. Seminiferous tubule

A

A. Vas deferens

81
Q

True/False: This is a primary abnormality
A. True
B. False

A

false

82
Q

In which species does the male have a very large glans penis?
A. Bovine
B. Equine
C. Porcine
D. Ovine

A
83
Q

Is this a primary or secondary abnormality?
A. Primary
B. Secondary
C. Neither

A

A. Primary

84
Q

Where do primary abnormalities arise?
A. Testes
B. Epididymis
C. Vas deferens
D. Penis

A
85
Q

What is the name of the paired glands indicated by the Blue arrows?

A

Seminal Vesicles

86
Q

What do seminal vesicles produce in the bull?

A

seminal plasma

87
Q

What is the name of the glandular structure indicated by the yellow box?

A

Prostate

88
Q

What is the name of the “enlarged tubules” indicated by the Green arrows?

A

Ampulla

89
Q

What are the ampulla’s an enlargement of?

A

the Vas Deferens

90
Q

What species does not have ampulla’s?

A

boar

91
Q

Name the pair of muscles indicated by the Orange arrow

A

ischiocavernosus muscles

92
Q

What role do the ischiocavernosus muscles play in the process of erection in the Bull? (Be specific)

A

Clamp down on the hip bone to prevent back flow of blood.

93
Q

What is the name of the region/structure indicated by the Orange arrows?

A

Glans Penis

94
Q

What is the name of the region/structure indicated by the Orange arrows?

A

Glans Penis

95
Q

What is the glans penis the homologous of in females?

A

the clitoris

96
Q

Name the pair of muscles indicated by the Blue arrow.

A

Retractor penis muscles

97
Q

What is the role of the retractor penis muscles play in the process of erection in the bull?

A

Straighten or relax during erection

98
Q

Name the tough, white connective tissue indicated by the Orange arrow.

A

Tunica Albuginea

99
Q

Name the cavernous tissue indicated by the Green circles.

A

Corpus Cavernous

100
Q

What is the name of the glandular structure indicated by the Yellow circle?

A

Cowper’s Gland

101
Q

Name the muscles indicated by the Green arrow

A

bulbospongiosus muscle

102
Q

What role does the bulbospongiosus muscle play in the process of erection in the Bull?

A

Pushes semen down the penial urethra

103
Q

What is the layer of the scrotum indicated by the Green arrow?

A

Scrotal Skin

104
Q

What is significant in the scrotal skin that aids in the thermal regulation of the testis?

A

Sweat glands, Thermoreceptors, Hair

105
Q

What is the name of the smooth muscle intertwined within the loose connective tissue indicated by the Purple arrow?

A

Tunica Dartos

106
Q

What is the tunica dartos’ major function?

A

Raise and lower testes in response to thermo changes

107
Q

Can the tunica dartos sustain muscle contractions for a long period of time?

A

yes

108
Q

Name the S-shaped configuration of the fibroelastic penis indicated by the Red line

A

Sigmoid Flexure

109
Q

What is the purpose of the sigmoid flexure?

A

Keep the penis housed inside the male

110
Q

What is the name of the tough, white connective tissue covering the parenchyma tissue of the testes indicated by the Blue arrow?

A

Tunica Albuginea

111
Q

What is the name of the convoluted structure on the surface of the testis indicated by the yellow arrow?

A

Testicular blood supply

112
Q

What is the name of the region/segment of the structure attached to the side of the testis indicated by the red circle?

A

Cauda epididymis

113
Q

What maturation factor is added in the cauda epididymis?

A

Forward moving motility

114
Q

What is the name of the intertwined “vascular” area indicated by the Blue arrow?

A

Pampiniform plexus

115
Q

What is the name of the striated muscle indicated by the Green arrow?

A

Cremaster muscle

116
Q

Can the cremaster muscle sustain contractions for a long period of time?

A

no

117
Q

Identify the region of the testis indicated by the gray arrow.

A

Parenchyme

118
Q

What type of abnormality does the sperm cell have indicated by the yellow circle?

A

Primary

119
Q

Where do primary abnormalities arise?

A

Testis

120
Q

What type of abnormality does the sperm cell have indicated by the yellow circle?

A

Secondary

121
Q

Where do secondary abnormalities arise?

A

epididymis

122
Q

This was from a 3 year old boar with known problems in semen quality. What would you suggest we do with him?

A

Cull or wait another 60 days to re-test

123
Q

Name the species based on the pelvic tract.

A

Boar

124
Q

what are the four majors layer of the scrotum?

A
  1. Scrotal skin: heavily populated with sweat
    glands
  2. Tunica dartos: mesh-like smooth muscle
    layer just beneath the scrotal skin
  3. Scrotal fascia: fatty and membranous
    layers
  4. Parietal vaginal tunic: first peritoneum
    layer taken into scrotum
125
Q

The scrotum is a two-lobed pouch that houses the testes and functions to:

A
  1. Serves as a physical barrier to the environment
  2. Regulate temperature of the testes
126
Q

The __________________ is the second peritoneum layer within the scrotum

A

visceral vaginal tunic

127
Q

The ____________________ contains smooth muscle fibers in addition to connective tissue

A

tunica albuginea

128
Q

What makes up the testicular capsule?

A

the visceral vaginal tunic and the tunica albuginea

129
Q

What are the two compartments of the parenchyma?

A

the interstitial compartment and the tubule compartment

130
Q

What is located in the interstitial compartment?

A

• Leydig cells: produce testosterone
• Capillaries, lymphatic vessels, and connective tissue

131
Q

what is located in the tubule compartment?

A

• Seminiferous tubules: highly convoluted tubules network
• Sertoli cell: provides support to developing germ cells and form the blood-testis barrier

132
Q

Label the image

A

A. bulb of penile urethra
B. bulbospongiousus muscle

133
Q

Label the image

A

A. cowper’s gland
B. bulbospongiosus muscle
C. retractor penis muscle

134
Q

Label the image

A

A. cowper’s glands
B. ischiocavernosus muscle

135
Q

Label the image

A

A. vas deferens
B. urinary bladder
C. ampulla
D. seminal vesicles
E. body of the prostate
F. pelvic urethral muscle
G. ischiocavernosus muscle
H. bulbospongiosus muscle

136
Q

Label the image

A

A/I. VG
B. BP
C. ischiocavernosus muscle
D. ampullas
E. UB
F. UM
G. CP
H. vas deferens
J. sigmoid flexure
K. retractor penis muscle
L. glans penis
M/P. cremaster muscle
N. PS
O. SC
Q. TE

137
Q

Label the image

A

A. corpus cavernosum
B. tunica albuginea
C. corpus spongiosum
D. penile urethra

138
Q

Label the image

A

A. corpus spongiosum
B. corpus cavernosum
C. tunica albuginea
D. T
E. urethra
F. bulbospongiosus muscle
G. retractor penis muscle

139
Q

label this image

A

A. tunica albuginea
B. DEC
C. corpus cavernosum
D. urethra
E. corpus spongiosum

140
Q
A

A. corpus cavernosum
B. urethra
C. corpus spongiosum

141
Q
A

A. colliculus seminalis
B/D. seminal vesicles
C. vas deferens

142
Q
A

A. pelvic urethral muscle
B. colliculus seminalis

143
Q

what is the colliculus seminalis?

A

Where Urethra, Vas Deferens, Seminal Vesicles and Body of Prostate Empty

144
Q
A

A. bulbospongiosus muscle
B. cowper’s gland

145
Q
A

A. prostatic gland

146
Q
A

A. prostatic gland
B. fibromuscular stroma

147
Q

what is the prostate gland

A
  • A walnut-sized glands that surrounds the initial segment of the urethra muscle
  • The epithelium of the prostate produces a fluid rich in citric acid and proteolytic enzymes that nourish and prevent the coagulation of sperm
  • pseudostratified columnar epithelium cells line the lumen of the gland
148
Q
A

A. disseminated prostate
B. body of the prostate

149
Q
A

A. body of the prostate
B. pelvic urethral muscle

150
Q
A

A. disseminate prostate
B. pelvic urethral muscle

151
Q
A

A. blood vessel
B. mucosal fold
C. simple columnar epithelium
D. lumen

152
Q
A

A. smooth muscle
B. epithelium
C. lumen
D. mucosal fold

153
Q
A

A. lumen
B. smooth muscle

154
Q
A

A. smooth muscle
B. lumen

155
Q
A

A. vas deferens
B. ampulla
C. seminal vesicles

156
Q

What species does this repro tract come form?

A

bull

157
Q

What species does this repro tract come form?

A

stallion

158
Q
A

A/G. seminal vesicles
B. vas deferens
C. prostate
D/F. cowper’s glands
E. pelvic urethral muscle
H. retractor penis muscle
I. bulbospongiosus muscle

repro (4 decks)

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