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repro > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

where does capacitation occur?

A

oviduct

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2
Q

which type of sperm loss is when leukocytes attack sperm cells?

A

phagocytosis

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3
Q

what type of sperm loss is when sperm flows back out the vagina?

A

retrograde loss

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4
Q

what species is not a short copulator?

A

stallion

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5
Q

what species is an intermediate copulator?

A

stallion

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6
Q

which species is a sustained copulator?

A

boar

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7
Q

when do females exhibit reproductive behavior?

A

limited to estrus

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8
Q

when do males exhibit repro behavior?

A

anytime after puberty

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9
Q

what is the most effective way to manipulate male repro behavior?

A

new female and new environment

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10
Q

do sperm have catabolic (break down) or anabolic (re-build) metabolism?

A

catabolic

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11
Q

T/F: males have memory when it comes to copulation

A

true

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12
Q

what receptors do leydig cells have?

A

LH

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13
Q

what receptors do sertoli cells have?

A

FSH and T

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14
Q

which phase of spermatogenesis does not have cell division?

A

differentiation

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15
Q

what process occurs in the basal department of the seminiferous tubules?

A

mitosis

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16
Q

what process occurs in the adluminal department of the seminiferous tubules?

A

meiosis

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17
Q

what process occurs in the luminal department of the seminiferous tubules?

A

spermiation

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18
Q

which phase of differentiation is when the golgi apparatus takes proteins and creates vesicles?

A

golgi phase

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19
Q

which phase of differentiation is when granules form across al vesicles flatten and make a “cap” over the nucleus of sperm?

A

cap phase

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20
Q

which phase of differentiation is when the sperm head takes shape and the nucleus begins to elongate?

A

acrosomal phase

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21
Q

which phase of differentiation is when the entire spermatazoon is covered in the plasma membrane and excess cytoplasm turns into the cytoplasmic droplet?

A

maturation phase

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22
Q

where are leydig cells located in the seminiferous tubules?

A

interstitial space

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23
Q

where are sertoli cells located in the seminiferous tubules?

A

tubular compartment

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24
Q

Thermoregulation is key for successful spermatogenesis, if the temp of the testes becomes too hot or too cold, the spermatazoa lose the ability to fertilize an oocyte. Explain all of the methods used to maintain proper temp (include temp that the testes need to be).

A
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25
Q

Spermatogenesis = development of male gamete. Provide a detailed description of each developmental stage and where they would be located in the seminiferous tubule.

A
  1. proliferation phase: type a spermatogonia develop into intermediate spermatogonia, and those develop into type b spermatogonia; spermatocytogenesis/mitosis is happening; up to 75% apoptosis
  2. meiosis phase:
    1. meiosis I: increasing genetic diversity via DNA replication and crossover
    2. meiosis II: produces 1N spermatids (haploid)
  3. differentiation phase: changing shape of spermatid to spermatozoa; no cell divisions; morphological change; 4 subphases
    1. golgi phase: acrosomic vesicle forms around head of sperm
    2. cap phase: acrosomic vesicle spreads over nucleus
    3. acrosomal phase: elongation of head (circle to almond shape)
    4. maturation phase: final assembly; entire spermatozoon is covered with plasma membrane; mitochondria spiral around the tail; proximal droplet will translocate down the tail to a distal droplet
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26
Q

The primary purpose of mating behavior is copulation, thus bringing male and female gametes together to ensure propagation of the species. Does the male/female initiate courtship-specific behaviors? why?

A

females because they are confined to estrus and will only show reproductive behavior during that time

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27
Q

Once spermatazoa undergo capacitation and reach maximum fertility, the next step in fertilization is the acrosome reaction. Know all the steps of fertilization after the acrosome reaction.

A
  • cortical reaction: cortical granules exocytose to stimulate Zona and vitalline block (prevents polyspermy)
  • sperm nucleus de condenses
  • fertilization stimulates ooctye to enter meiosis II to reach final haploid state
  • male and female pronucleus = syngamy
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28
Q

why are the testes housed outside the body?

A

spermatogenesis occurs at temps 4-6 degrees less than internal body temperature (37-31 degrees C)

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29
Q

what factors contribute to thermoregulation? how?

A

1st: scrotum
- sweat glands in scrotal skin
- location
- tunica dartos muscle (sustained contractions)
2nd: spermatic cord
- pampiniform plexus (counter current heat exchange)
- cremaster muscle (contracts to raise/lower the testes)(can not sustain contractions)

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30
Q

what are the two parts of the parenchyma and what do they contain?

A
  • interstitial compartment: leydig cells
  • tubular compartment: sertoli cells and seminiferous tubules
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31
Q

what is the CT core of the testes that house the rate tubules?

A

mediastinum

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32
Q

what is the functional component of the testes?

A

seminiferous tubules

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33
Q

what cells produce T and where are they found?

A

leydig cells— found in the interstitial compartment of the parenchyma

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34
Q

where are sertoli cells found and what is their function?

A

tubular compartment of the parenchyma, provide support to developing germ cells

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35
Q

what are the functions of the testes?

A
  1. produce sperm/spermatogenesis (via sertoli cells)
  2. transport sperm out of the testes
    - 3 ways: tunica albuginea, myopic cells, and fluid absorption
  3. produce T (via leydig cells)
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36
Q

what are the functions of T in males?

A
  • stimulates secondary sex characteristics
  • maintains libido
  • maintains function of male repro tract, penis, and muscles for ejaculation
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37
Q

what are the components of the spermatic cord? what is its function?

A
  1. cremaster muscle: raises and lowers to regulate temp and protect the testes (fight or flight)
  2. pampiniform plexus: blood supply to the testes, counter current heat exchange
  3. vas deferens: transports sperm into the body, connects the cauda epididymis to the ampulla
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38
Q

what is counter-current heat exchange?

A

causes the cooling of arterial blood supply, warms blood as it leaves the testes, exchanging of the entropy of heat into the blood

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39
Q

what factors does each portion of the epididymis add to sperm?

A
  • caput: add fertilization factors
  • corpus: add decapacitation factors (army gear)
  • cauda: add motility factors
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40
Q

where is sperm matured?

A

epididymis

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41
Q

where is sperm stored?

A

caudal epididymis

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42
Q

what epithelium layer makes up the epididymis and what function does it serve?

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium that secretes and absorbs fluid vehicle

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43
Q

what is the chemical composition of of seminal plasma?

A
  • energy sources: fructose is necessary for sperm activity and function
  • buffers: bicarbonate maintain pH (bc there are rapid changes in the pH of the uterus)
  • prostaglandins: stimulate muscle contractions for sperm movement
  • glycoproteins: protects genetic material and retards capacitation
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44
Q

what are the three accessory sex glands and their functions?

A
  • seminal vesicles: makes up the majority of seminal plasma
  • prostate: prostatic secretions are generally composed of simple sugars
  • cowper’s gland: lubricates the urethra, ~5% of ejaculate, helps clean out the urethra
45
Q

what are the two types of penile tissues and how do they differ from each other?

A
  • fibroelastic penis: have a sigmoid flexure allowing the penis to be retracted inside the body (retractor penis muscle) (boars, bulls, rams)
  • musculovascular penis: fills with blood to increase in length and diameter (stallion, humans, dogs)
46
Q

pathway of sperm:

A

seminiferous tubules —> rete tubules —> efferent ducts —> capcut, corpus, cauda epididymis —> vas deferens —> ampulla —> colliculus seminalis —> urethra

47
Q

what is the colliculus seminalis?

A

where sperm and seminal plasma are mixed

48
Q

why do males have pulsatile secretions of testosterone?

A

T has a negative feedback on GnRH, LH, and FSH; LH decreases = less T = reduce sertoli cell function = decrease in spermatogenesis

49
Q

what are the phases of spermatogenesis? what is occurring during each stage? what cell types are present in each stage?

A
  1. proliferation: mitotic division, A/I/B spermatogonia
  2. meiosis: genetic diversity between haploid cells, primary/secondary spermatocytes
  3. differentiation: morphological changes, spermatids into spermatogonia
50
Q

where are the most immature sperm located?

A

basement membrane

51
Q

what are the phases of the differentiation phase? what is happening to each spermatid in each phase?

A
  1. golgi phase: golgi apparatus forms acrosomc vesicles that sit poon top of the nucleus; centrioles migrate to distal nucleus
  2. cap phases: acrosomal vesicle flattens to form a ‘cap’ over the nucleus
  3. acrosomal phase: nucleus begins to elongate and acrosome continues to spread; mitochondria make it to the mid-piece
  4. maturation phase: chromatins condense; DNA is non-functional; entire spermatozoa are covered with plasma membrane
52
Q

why is the blood testis barrier so important?

A

provide environment for sperm undergoing spermatogenesis; protecting them while entering and completing meiosis

53
Q

how do sperm develop post gonadally?

A

epididymis matures sperm by adding fertilization, decapacitation, and motility factors

54
Q

what sperm cells are most susceptible to heat stress and why?

A
  • spermatocytes: actively undergoing meiosis
  • spermatids: undergoing morphological changes
55
Q

when is repro behavior programmed?

A

pre-natally (feminization and masculinization—embryonic development)

56
Q

what are the stages of male behavior?

A

pre-copulatory, copulatory, post-copulatory

57
Q

what are reproductive behaviors in the female?

A

attractivity, proceptivity, receptivity

58
Q

what senses are used in the precopulatory stage?

A
  • olfactory: recognizing pheromones
  • visual: sexual posture
  • auditory: females changes in vocalization
59
Q

why are courtship-specific behaviors under the influence of the female?

A

females are confined to estrus and will only show repro behavior during that time

60
Q

as a producer, how can you increase and enhance repro behaviors?

A

introduce novel animals, change stimulus setting, sexual preparation
(increase in semen collecting for AI or diagnostic testing)

61
Q

sialomucin and sulfomucin

A

sialomucin: helps with forward movement; under the influence of estrogen
sulfomucin: “washes” sperm out; thick; under influence of P4

62
Q

female vs male: contractions and a fluid vehicle

A
  • female: myometrium contractions and sialomucin
  • male: PGF2a in seminal plasma stimulating contractions in female
63
Q

decapacitation factors are added in the _________ and capacitation factors in the ________.

A

corpus epididymis; uterus

64
Q

what is capacitation?

A

biochemical change to sperm that allows the true acrosome reaction to occur (penetrate the ZP)

65
Q

how does the fusion of the sperm plasma membrane and outer acrosomal membrane happen?

A

ZP3 (receptor) that binds to the zona binding region (sperm)

66
Q

what is the function of hylurinidase?

A

breaks down cumulus oophorous

67
Q

what is the function of acrosin?

A

digest zona pellucida

68
Q

why are chromatins are condensed before fertilization (maturation phase)?

A

preserving DNA: protamines replace histone tails
(sperm nucleus is decondensed when engulfed by oocyte)

69
Q

what is syngamy?

A

fusion of the male and female pro nucleus (haploid)

70
Q

what is the function of cortical granules?

A

to fuse to oocyte plasma membrane and release contents that degrade receptors for sperm making it less penetrable by sperm

71
Q

where are leydig cells located in the seminiferous tubules?

A

interstitial space

72
Q

where are sertoli cells located in the seminiferous tubules?

A

tubular compartment

73
Q

what is spermiation?

A

when sperm are released into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules

74
Q

what are the accessory sex glands?

A

cowper’s gland, prostate gland, seminal vesicles

75
Q

what are the identifying qualities of a fibroelastic penis?

A

limited erectile tissue, erection results in increased length, contains sigmoid flexure

76
Q

what are the identifying qualities of a musculovascular penis?

A

limited CT, erection results in increased circumference, lots of erectile tissue

77
Q

what is the function of the retractor penis muscle?

A

maintains the sigmoid flexure in a fibroelastic penis

78
Q

what does the ischiocavernosus muscle do?

A

compresses the curve and stops return of blood through veins

79
Q

what does the bulbocavernosus muscle do?

A

empties the extra-pelvic part of urethra

80
Q

what is unique about the ram reproductive anatomy?

A

does not have body of prostate

81
Q

what is unique about the boar reproductive anatomy?

A

no ampullae and larger cowper’s gland

82
Q

what is unique about the stallion reproductive anatomy?

A

no disseminate prostate

83
Q

where does sperm go immediately after leaving the seminiferous tubules?

A

rete tubules

84
Q

what takes sperm from the epididymis to the urethra?

A

vas deferens

85
Q

T/F: sperm must go through epididymal maturation in order to be fertile.

A

true

86
Q

T/F: the acrosomal reaction comes before capacitation

A

false

87
Q

what temp do the testes have to be at in order for spermatogenesis to accur?

A

4-6 degrees less than body temp

88
Q

when does reproductive behaviors develop?

A

prenatally

89
Q

T/F: sperm swim through the female repro tract

A

false

90
Q

T/F: sperm travel through the female repro tract via contractions

A

true

91
Q

T/F: decapacitation sperm are not fertile

A

true

92
Q

what happens when males have a small LH episode?

A

T is secreted soon after

93
Q

how often to small LH episodes happen in males?

A

once every 2-6 hours

94
Q

T/F: T has a positive feedback on LH and FSH

A

false

95
Q

what factors are added in the caput epididymis?

A

fertilization factors

96
Q

what factors are added in the corpus epididymis?

A

decapacitation factors

97
Q

what factors are added in the cauda epididymis?

A

motility/swimming factors

98
Q

which type of sperm are most sensitive to heat stress?

A

spermatids

99
Q

two weeks of heat stress in bulls will equal how many days of damage?

A

65 days

100
Q

T/F: the freshmen response is a way for males to detect pheromones

A

true

101
Q

T/F: initiation of courtship behaviors is generally under the influence of the male

A

false

102
Q

what is sialomucin?

A

when mucus in the cervix is watery, allows passage

103
Q

what is sulfomucin?

A

when mucus in cervix is thick and viscous

104
Q

if the acrosome is not intact, can it still fertilize the oocyte?

A

no

105
Q

which enzyme in the acrosome reaction digests the ZP?

A

acrosin

106
Q

which enzyme in the acrosome reaction breaks down the cumulus oorphous mass?

A

hyaluronidase

107
Q

where does sperm attach to the ZP?

A

ZP3

108
Q

T/F: there are two blocks to polyspermy: the zona block and the vitelline block

A

true

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