Lab Practical II Review Flashcards
What are the major arteries arising from the aorta and their body regions?
Mnemonic: ABC-SIR
Carotid (head), subclavian (arms), celiac trunk/renal/mesenteric (abdomen), iliac (legs)
ABC-SIR:
Ascending aorta
Brachiocephalic
Carotid (head)
Subclavian (arms)
Iliac (legs)
Renal (kidneys)
What veins drain into the vena cavae and from where?
Hint: J.S.H.R.I
Jugular (head), subclavian (arms), hepatic/renal/iliac (abdomen/legs)
Describe the blood flow path through the circulatory system.
Heart → large arteries → medium arteries → arterioles → capillaries → venules → veins → heart
What are the tunics of blood vessels and their functions?
Hint: I.M.E
Intima (smooth lining), media (muscle, diameter control), externa (support/protection)
Name the special circulations in the body.
Mnemonic: People Can Have Fun Circulation
Pulmonary, cerebral, hepatic portal, fetal, coronary
Pulmonary
Cerebral
Hepatic Portal
Fetal
Coronary
What is the Circle of Willis and its importance?
Analogy: roundabout for brain blood flow
Brain arterial circle that provides collateral circulation
If one artery gets blocked, blood can still “detour” through the circle and supply the brain.
It’s like having backup routes in a traffic system—collateral circulation.
What fetal structures disappear after birth and what do they become?
Analogy: “Fetal highways get shut down after birth and become landmarks.”
Ductus arteriosus → ligamentum arteriosum; foramen ovale → fossa ovalis; ductus venosus → ligamentum venosum
Which organs are involved in hepatic portal circulation?
Stomach, intestines, spleen, pancreas, liver
How do arteries, veins, and capillaries differ structurally?
Arteries: thick walls; veins: valves & thin walls; capillaries: one-cell layer for exchange
What are the phases of the cardiac cycle?
Mnemonic: A Very Deep breath
Atrial systole → ventricular systole → diastole
A Very Deep breath
Atrial systole
Ventricular systole
Diastole
Where can you measure pulse?
Radial, carotid, femoral arteries, etc.
What do SBP and DBP represent in blood pressure?
SBP: systolic (peak); DBP: diastolic (resting)
Define MAP, Pulse Pressure, Cardiac Output.
MAP = DBP + 1/3(PP); PP = SBP - DBP; CO = HR × SV
How is blood pressure measured and what units are used?
units are used? Sphygmomanometer; mmHg
What causes the “lub-dub” heart sounds?
Analogy: “LUB” slams the door, “DUB” locks it
Lub: AV valves close (systole); Dub: semilunar valves close (diastole)
LUB = AV valves shut
DUB = Semilunar valves shut
What are the stages of hypertension?
Mnemonic: Never Eat Salty Snacks
Normal: <120/80; Elevated: 120–129/<80; Stage 1: 130–139/80–89; Stage 2: ≥140/90
Normal
Elevated
Stage 1
Stage 2
What is a heart murmur?
Abnormal sound due to faulty valve
Name the four respiratory processes.
Mnemonic: Please Everyone Take Ice
Pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, gas transport, internal respiration
Please Everyone Take Ice
Pulmonary ventilation
External respiration
Transport of gases
Internal respiration
What does the upper respiratory tract include?
Mnemonic:
Upper: No Phlegm, Laryngitis
Nose, pharynx, larynx
What does the lower respiratory tract include?
Lower Mnemonic: Tricky Bronchial Lungs
Trachea, bronchi, lungs
What is the function of the alveoli?
Gas exchange between air and blood
Which muscles are used in breathing?
Diaphragm, external/internal intercostals, abdominals
What is the difference between obstructive and restrictive lung diseases?
Obstructive: airway blockage (asthma, COPD); Restrictive: lung stiffness (fibrosis)
Analogy:
Obstructive = “Can’t exhale” (air is trapped)
Restrictive = “Can’t inhale” (lungs won’t expand)
What do FVC and FEV1 measure?
FVC: total air exhaled; FEV1: air exhaled in first second
