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Biology > Lab Practical Exam #3 > Flashcards

Lab Practical Exam #3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How many strands is DNA?

A

Two

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2
Q

What are the nitrogenous bases of DNA

A

Adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine

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3
Q

What type of sugar is in DNA?

A

deoxyribose

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4
Q

Where is DNA found?

A

Nucleus of eukaryotic cells, nucleoid in prokaryotic cells

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4
Q

What makes up a single nucleotide?

A

Phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, and nitrogenous base

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5
Q

Where does DNA replication take place?

A

Nucleus of eukaryotic cells, nucleoid in prokaryotic cells

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6
Q

What part of the cell cycle does DNA replication happen?

A

S (synthesis) phase

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7
Q

Chromatin

A

a complex of DNA and proteins that forms chromosomes within the nucleus/nucleoid

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8
Q

Centrosome

A

an organelle that is a microtubule which organizes (in cell division)

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9
Q

Centromere

A

Located in central area of chromosome; links a pair of sister chromatids together during cell division

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10
Q

A string of nucleotides would eventually code for a

A

amino acid/polypeptide chain

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11
Q

Chromatid

A

Half of a chromosome; ensures each new daughter cell has the correct complement of DNA at the end of cell division

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12
Q

What is meant by “double helix”?

A

A DNA molecule is made up of two linked strands that wind around each other to resemble a twisted ladder in a helix-like shape.

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13
Q

What are the steps of the DNA isolation that was used in the simulation?

A

Place test tube on ice;

transfer strawberry filtrate with pipette to test tube;

in a graduated cylinder, dissolve a spoonful of meat tenderizer into distilled water;

add meat tenderizer solution to strawberry filtrate and let it react for 10 minutes;

use pipette to add ice cold 95% ethanol along inside of tube to precipitate DNA;

with the test tube in the rack, spool precipitated DNA onto glass rod.

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14
Q

What was the glass rod used for? What is spooling? What direction should spooling be done in?

A

The glass rod was used to spool. Spooling is a method of isolating strands of DNA from a solution. Spooling is done slowly in a constant motion.

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14
Q

What was the ethanol used for? Why should ethanol be added slowly?

A

Ethanol was used because DNA is not soluble in it, therefore the DNA will precipitate.

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15
Q

What was the DNA isolated from in the simulation?

A

The DNA isolated was from strawberry filtrate.

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16
Q

What was the meat tenderizer used for?

A

To digest associated proteins that bind the DNA.

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17
Q

What was the detergent used for?

A

Detergent emulsifies cell and nuclear membranes of cells. The detergent disrupts phospholipid bilayers.

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18
Q

What is homogenization and when was it done in the isolation process?

A

Homogenization is grinding a substance. This was done first to create the strawberry filtrate.

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19
Q

Why were the tubes and reagents kept in an ice bath during isolation?

A

Cold temperature stabilizes DNA.

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20
Q

What does the isolated DNA look like in the tube?

A

Long, thin, white mucus-like strands.

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21
Q

Transcription: What molecule is produced by this process?

A

RNA

22
Q

Transcription: Where in the cell does transcription take place?

A

Nucleus

23
Q

Transcription: Given a sequence of DNA bases, be able to transcribe the code into mRNA.

A

A-U & G-C

24
Q

Translation: What molecule is produced by this process?

A

Proteins

25
Q

Translation: Where does translation take place?

A

Ribosomes in the cytoplasm

26
Q

Translation: What are the three types of RNA and their functions?

A

mRNA: carry the coding sequences for protein synthesis;

rRNA: form the core of a cell’s ribosomes (where protein synthesis takes place);

tRNA: carry amino acids to the ribosomes in protein synthesis

27
Q

Translation: Which type of RNA possesses codons?

A

mRNA

28
Q

Translation: Which type of RNA possesses anticodons?

A

tRNA

29
Q

Translation: Which type of RNA possesses the amino acid?

A

tRNA

30
Q

Translation: What do codons code for? Can one codon code for more than one amino acid?

A

Code for amino acids.

No, one codon codes for one amino acid.

31
Q

Translation: Given an mRNA codon, determine the anticodon on the tRNA molecule.

A

A-U & G-C

32
Q

Translation: Given mRNA codons, determine the amino acid sequence in a polypeptide.

A

ez

33
Q

What is the purpose of gel electrophoresis? What things can it be used for?

A

Gel electrophoresis separates DNA samples by size. This indicates different genotypes associated with a genetic condition.

34
Q

Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments on the basis of . .

A

size and charge

35
Q

Should the positive electrode be attached closest to or farthest from the wells?

A

farthest

36
Q

What is the charge on the DNA samples?

A

Negative

37
Q

Why does DNA flow toward the positive side of the chamber?

A

DNA is negatively charged.

38
Q

How are the DNA samples added to the wells in the gel?

A

A micropipette is used.

39
Q

What is agarose?

A

A gelling agent used to visualize DNA fragments.

40
Q

Would a small fragment move faster or slower in a gel?

A

Faster

41
Q

Why do the samples move?

A

An electric current is applied to the gel so one end of the gel has a positive and the other a negative charge, so samples move towards the opposite charge.

42
Q

Before pouring the gel into the casting tray what should you do to the open end of the tray?

A

Mount masking tape in both ends of the gel casting tray and then add gel comb to create wells for loading DNA samples.

43
Q

What is bromothymol blue used for?

A

To illuminate DNA so the DNA banding patter can be visualized.

44
Q

Do the samples move through the gel or through the buffer?

A

Through the gel

45
Q

What voltage should the gel be run at? Is this supposed to be a high or low number?

A

Higher voltage (100-135 V) for fast separation of small DNA fragments and lower voltage (50-75 V) for clear separation of large DNA fragments. The lab used 70 V.

46
Q

What is nondisjunction and what effect can it have on a cell?

A

It is the failure for a chromosome to separate and can lead to aneuploidy (daughter cells with abnormal amount of chromosomes).

47
Q

In what process does nondisjunction take place?

A

Anaphase of mitosis, meiosis I, or meiosis II.

48
Q

What is an aneuploidy?

A

An abnormal amount of chromosomes in a cell or organism.

49
Q

Differentiate between monosomy and trisomy

A

Monosomy: one chromosome out of two is present, trisomy: one chromosome in addition to two.

50
Q

Turner syndrome

A

(sex chromosome disorder)
Monosomy: one X chromosome instead of two
Female

51
Q

Triple-X (Poly-X)

A

(sex chromosome disorder)
Trisomy: An extra X chromosome to XX
Female

52
Q

Klinefelter Syndrome

A

(sex chromosome disorder)
Trisomy: An extra X chromosome to XY
Male

53
Q

Jacob Syndrome

A

(sex chromosome disorder)
Trisomy: An extra Y chromosome to XY
Male

54
Q

Down syndrome

A

(autosomal disorder)
Trisomy: An extra X chromosome to XY on chromosome 21
Male and female

Biology (6 decks)

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