Lab Practical Flashcards
Study Guide:
- Name (spelling counts) and fxn of all structures mentioned in handout
- Anatomical term meanings (ex: lateral, ventral, etc.)
- Reproductive modes of each organism and structures to identify sex
Study Guide:
- Name (spelling counts) and fxn of all structures mentioned in handout
- Anatomical term meanings (ex: lateral, ventral, etc.)
- Reproductive modes of each organism and structures to identify sex
What are the anatomical terms for front/back?
Anterior and Posterior
E.g. the toes are anterior to the heel, and the popliteus is posterior to the patella
What are the anatomical terms for position above/below another part of the body?
Superior and Inferior
E.g. the orbits are superior to the oris, and the pelvis is inferior to the abdomen.
What are the anatomical terms for position closer or further fr the trunk of the body?
Proximal and Distal
E.g. the shoulder is proximal to the arm, and the foot is distal to the knee.
What are the anatomical terms for position closer or further fr the surface of the body?
Superficial and Deep
E.g. the skin is superficial to the bones, and the brain is deep to the skull.
Sometimes profound is used synonymously w deep.
What are the anatomical terms for position closer or further fr the midline of the body?
Medial and Lateral
E.g. the nose is medial to the eyes, and the thumb is lateral to the other fingers.
What are the anatomical terms for structures derived fr the front or back of the embryo, before limb rotation?
Ventral and Dorsal
What are the anatomical terms for structures close to the top of the skull or towards the bottom of the body?
Cranial and Caudal
How does the saggital plane divide a structure?
Vertically, into right and left sides
- Midsagittal or median - directly down middle.
- Parasagittal or longitudinal - uneven sides.
How does the frontal plane divide a structure?
Anterior (front) and Posterior (back) portions
- Frontal plane often referred to as coronal
How does the transverse plane divide a structure?
Horizontally, into upper and lower portions
- Produce cross-sections.
The earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris) belongs to a group of animals called _______, aka the _________ worms.
The earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris) belongs to a group of animals called annelids, aka segmented worms.
Which side of the worm is the rounded top, and which side is the flattened bottom?
Dorsal - rounded top
Ventral - flattened bottom
The _______ is a saddle-like swelling on the dorsal surface that extends from segment 33 to segment 37.
The clitellum is a saddle-like swelling on the dorsal surface that extends from segment 33 to segment 37.
What is the fxn of the clitellum for reproduction?
Produces a mucus sheath used to surround the worms during mating
Also resp for making the cocoon w/i wh fertilized eggs are deposited.
The worm’s ______ are the tiny bristle-like spines located on every segment except the first and last one.
The worm’s setae are the tiny bristle-like spines located on every segment except the first and last one.
- Used for locomotion
The clitellum is nearer the anterior or posterior end?
Anterior
The _______ is a fleshy lobe that extends over the mouth, wh is located on the ______ (ventral or dorsal) surface of the first segment.
The prostomium (lip) is a fleshy lobe that extends over the mouth, wh is located on the ventral surface of the first segment.
The worm’s reprod sys consists of a pair of __________, wh extend fr the clitellum to about segment 15, where a pair of ____ (fe/male) genital pores are located.
A pair of ____ (fe/male) gential pores are also located at segment 14, and the two pairs of openings of the _______ receptacles are located on segment 10.
The worm’s reprod sys consists of a pair of sperm grooves, wh extend fr the clitellum to about segment 15, where a pair of male genital pores are located.
A pair of female genital pores are also located at segment 14, and the two pairs of openings of the seminal receptacles are located on segment 10.
A worm’s male genital pores can be found at which segments?
Segments 15 and 26
Sperm grooves extend fr clitellum to segment 15
A worm’s female genital pores are found at which segment?
Segment 14
In worms, eggs are produced in the ______ and pass out of the body thru female genital pores at segment ___. Sperms are produced in the _____ and pass thru tiny male genital pores at segments __ and __.
In worms, eggs are produced in the ovaries and pass out of the body thru female genital pores at segment 14. Sperms are produced in the testes and pass thru tiny male genital pores at segments 15 and 26.
Describe worm mating and fertilization.
- Two worms line up against one/an, facing opp directions.
- Both worms excrete mucus, forming a slime tube around their bodies.
- Both worms ejaculate sperm into slime tube, then sperm is deposited in other worm’s sperm receptacle.
- As ea travels fwd, mucus fr clitellum passes over and sticks to the sacs containing the worm’s own eggs.
- Eggs then pass over seminal receptacle, where the other worm’s sperm is kept, and fertilization occurs outside the body.
Does worm fertilization occur inside or outside the body?
Outside
In worms, the ____ are thin-membranes that conn the integument to internal structures.
In worms, the septa are thin-membranes that conn the integument to internal structures.
Describe the circulatory system of worms.
Five pairs of aortic arches (hearts)
Circulatory fluid travels fr arches thru ventral blood vessels to capillary beds in the body.
Fluids collect in dorsal BV and reenter aortic arches.
Worm digestive system: muscular _____ is located at anterior end and used for food ingestion → tube-like ________, wh terminates in a soft, thin storage stomach called the ______.
Next is the muscular _______, where soil is ground up and churned → opens into a long ______, where both digestion and absorption occur.
Worm digestive system: muscular pharynx (S1-6) is located at anterior end and used for food ingestion → tube-like esophagus (S6-13), wh terminates in a soft, thin storage stomach called the crop (S14-15).
Next is the muscular gizzard (S16-18), where soil is ground up and churned → opens into a long intestine (S19+), where both digestion and absorption occur.
Worm nervous system consists of the _________, wh travels the length of the worm on the ventral side, and a series of ________, wh are masses of tissue containing many nerve cells.
The ________ surrounds the pharynx and consists of nerve cells above and below the pharynx.
Ea segment contains an enlargement, or ______, along the nerve cord.
Worm nervous system consists of the ventral nerve cord, wh travels the length of the worm on the ventral side, and a series of ganglia, wh are masses of tissue containing many nerve cells.
The nerve collar surrounds the pharynx and consists of ganglia above and below the pharynx.
Ea segment contains an enlargement, or ganglion, along the ventral nerve cord.
What serves as the brain of the earthworm?
Ganglia above the pharynx
The worm’s excretory organs are tiny _______.
The worm’s excretory organs are tiny nephridia.
- Two on every segment
- Appear as tiny white fibers on dorsal body wall.
- No gills/lungs
A worm’s reprod system consists of a pair of ovaries in segment ___ and two pairs of tiny testes in segments ___ and ___.
A worm’s reprod system consists of a pair of ovaries in segment 13 and two pairs of tiny testes in segments 10 and 11.
The crayfish body consists of two regions, the anterior _________ (covered by a continuous exoskeleton, the _______) and the posterior _________, which is composed of a number of independently movable segments.
The crayfish body consists of two regions, the anterior cephalothorax (covered by a continuous exoskeleton, the carapace) and the posterior abdomen, which is composed of a number of independently movable segments.
The cephalothorax consists of the fused ____ and the ____, distinguished by the _________ of the carapace.
The cephalothorax consists of the fused head and the thorax, distinguished by the cervical groove of the carapace.
Posterior to the cervical groove, the sides of the carapace form the right and left ___________, which are free along their ventral margins and cover the gill chambers
Posterior to the cervical groove, the sides of the carapace form the right and left branchiostegites, which are free along their ventral margins and cover the gill chambers
On the ______ (ventral or dorsal) side of the carapace and extending _________ (ant/posteriorly) from the cervical groove are right and left _________ grooves that mark the attachment of branchiostegites to the body underlying the carapace.
On the dorsal side of the carapace and extending posteriorly from the cervical groove are right and left branchiocardiac grooves that mark the attachment of branchiostegites to the body underlying the carapace.
- Heart lies immediately below these grooves.
The abdomen ends w the ______, bearing the ______ on its ventral surface, and flanked by a pair of flattened appendages, the _______, wh are attached to the segment immediately anterior to the telson.
The abdomen ends w the telson, bearing the anus on its ventral surface, and flanked by a pair of flattened appendages, the uropods, wh are attached to the segment immediately anterior to the telson.
The second segment of the crustacean head bears a pair of sensory ________ (shorter), and the third segment bears the ________ (longer).
The second segment of the crustacean head bears a pair of sensory antennules (shorter), and the third segment bears the antennae (longer).
The larger, paired ________ are chewing mouth parts on the ventral side of the cephalothorax.
Closely assoc w these are two pairs of accessory feeding appendages, the ____ and ______________, wh are obstructed by the first, second, and third _________.
The larger, paired mandibles are chewing mouth parts on the ventral side of the cephalothorax.
Closely assoc w the mandibles are two pairs of accessory feeding appendages, the first and second maxillae, wh are obstructed by the first, second, and third maxillipeds.
Locate the following structures on the diagram:
- Long Antennae
- Short Antennae (antennules)
- Chelipeds
- Four pairs of walking legs
- Cephalothorax
- Carapace
- Cervical Groove
- Swimmerets
- Abdomen
- Uropods
- Telson
Identify the following structures:
- stomach
- heart
- male gonad
- extensor muscles
- flexor muscles
- anus
- digestive gland
- maxilliped
- esophagus
- mandible
- mouth
- green gland (kidney)
- eye
On the outside of the frog’s head are two external ______, or nostrils, two _______, or eardrums, and two eyes, each of which has ___ (#) lids.
On the outside of the frog’s head are two external nares, or nostrils, two tympani, or eardrums, and two eyes, each of which has three lids.
The frog’s third eyelid, called the _____________, is transparent and attached to the ______ (top or bottom) of the eye.
The frog’s third eyelid, called the nictitating membrane, is transparent and attached to the bottom of the eye.
Inside the mouth are two internal ______, or openings into the nostrils, two ________ teeth in the middle of the roof of the mouth, and two _______ teeth at the sides of the mouth.
Also inside the mouth behind the tongue is the ________, or throat.
Inside the mouth are two internal nares, or openings into the nostrils, two vomerine teeth in the middle of the roof of the mouth, and two maxillary teeth at the sides of the mouth.
Also inside the mouth behind the tongue is the pharynx, or throat.
In the frog’s pharynx, there are several openings:
One into the ________, the tube into which food is swallowed.
One into the _______, thru wh air enters the _______, or voice box.
Two into the ____________, wh conn the pharynx to the ear.
In the frog’s pharynx, there are several openings:
One into the esophagus, the tube into which food is swallowed.
One into the glottis, thru wh air enters the larynx, or voice box.
Two into the Eustachian tubes, wh conn the pharynx to the ear.
Know these frog head structures
Identify the structures of the frog’s urogenital system.
Ovary (A): makes eggs; often too small to see, but eggs are visible.
Oviducts (B): eggs travel through these
Testes (C): Make sperm
Kidneys (D): Filter Blood
Cloaca (E): Where sperm, eggs, urine, and feces exit.
Urinary Bladder (F): Stores Urine
Ureters (G): Carry urine fr kidneys to bladder
Label the frogs abdominal structures
