Ch.33 - Invertebrates Flashcards

1
Q

Invertebrates lack a backbone and comprise __% of all animal species.

A

Invertebrates lack a backbone and comprise 95% of all animal species.

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2
Q

Sponges are members of wh phylum

A

Porifera

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3
Q

Describe sponges in terms of habitat, tissue-composition, food sources.

A

Sedimentary, often mistaken for plants

Live in fresh and marine waters

Lack true tissues, but have many cell types

Suspension (filter) feeders

  • capture food particles suspended in the water that passes thru their body
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4
Q

The _______ is the central cavity in sponges, where water enters thru pores and leaves thru an opening called the _______.

A

The spongocoel is the central cavity in sponges, where water enters thru pores and leaves thru an opening called the osculum.

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5
Q

_________ are flagellated collar cells that line interior of spongocoel.

A

Choanocytes are flagellated collar cells that line interior of spongocoel.

  • Generate water current thru the sponge, ingest suspended food.
  • Remarkably similar to choanoflagellate protists.
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6
Q

Sponges consist of a gelatinous noncellular _______ layer b/w two cell layers.

A

Sponges consist of a gelatinous noncellular mesohyl layer b/w two cell layers.

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7
Q

_________ are totipotent cells found in the mesohyl of sponges that play roles in digestion and manufacture of skeletal fibers

A

Amoebocytes are totipotent cells found in the mesohyl of sponges that play roles in digestion and manufacture of skeletal fibers

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8
Q

T/F: most sponges are hermaphrodites

A

TRUE

fxn as both male and female

typ sequential hermaphroditism, i.e. fxn first as one sex, then the other

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9
Q

Name a few species in the phylum Cnidaria

A

Jellies, corals, hydras

Sea wasps

Sea anemone

colonial polyps

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10
Q

Cnidarians have a relatively simple diploblastic, radial body plan and contain a sac w a central digestive compartment, called the ________.

A

Cnidarians have a relatively simple diploblastic, radial body plan and contain a sac w a central digestive compartment, called the gastrovascular cavity.

  • I.e. single opening as mouth & anus
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11
Q

Two variations of Cnidarian body plans:

  • A ______ adheres to the substrate by the aboral end of its body (sessile)
  • A ______ has a bell-shaped body with its mouth on the underside (mobile)
A

Two variations of Cnidarian body plans:

  • A polyp adheres to the substrate by the aboral end of its body (sessile)
  • A medusa has a bell-shaped body with its mouth on the underside (mobile)
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12
Q

W/i the Cnidaria phylum, the clade ________ incl corals and anemones.

A

W/i the Cnidaria phylum, the clade Anthozoa incl corals and anemones.

  • Occur ONLY as polyps.
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13
Q

_____ often form symbioses w algae and secrete a hard exoskeleton.

A

Corals (Cnidaria; Anthozoa) often form symbioses w algae and secrete a hard exoskeleton.

Ea gen grows on the skeletal remains of the prev gen, forming “rocks” that provide habitat for other species

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14
Q

Bilaterian animals have which type of symmetry and tri- or diploblastic dev?

A

Bilaterian animals have bilateral symmetry and triploblastic dev.

  • Most have a coelom and a digestive tract with TWO openings
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15
Q

The clade bilateria incl wh three clades?

A

Lophotrochozoa

Ecdysozoa

Deuterostomia

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16
Q

Phlyum Mollusca belong to wh clade?

A

Lophotrochozoa

  • Incl snails and slugs; oysters and clams; octopuses and squids
  • Soft-bodied, but typ protected by a calcium carbonate shell
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17
Q

Phylum Annelids belong to wh clade?

A

Lophotrochozoa

Bodies composed of a series of fused rings

Three classes:

  • Oligochaeta (earthworms and their relatives)
  • Polychaeta (polychaetes)
  • Hirudinea (leeches)
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18
Q

what are oligochaetes

A

class w/i phylum annelids, w/i clade Lophotrochozoa

Incl earthworms

Chaetae: bristles made of chitin

  • Oligo = few, thus fewer chaetae than other classes of annelids
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19
Q

T/F: earthworms are hermaphrodites

A

TRUE

earthworms are simult hermaphrodites, but cross-fertilize

20
Q

___________ is a group of protostome animals, including Arthropoda, Nematoda, and several smaller phyla.

A

Ecdysozoa is a group of protostome animals, including Arthropoda, Nematoda, and several smaller phyla.

21
Q

Which animal group contains the most species?

A

Ecdysozoa

Contains phyla Arthropoda and Nematoda

22
Q

What feature distinguishes Ecdysozoans?

A

Cuticle: tough external coat

Ecdysis: process by which the cuticle is shed or molted

23
Q

Which phylum comprises 2/3 of all known animal species?

A

Arthropods comprise 2/3 of all known animal species

> 1 mil

24
Q

The Arthropod body plan dates back to which distinct time period?

A

The Arthropod body plan dates back to the Cambrian explosion

Segmented body

Tough exoskeleton (cuticle)

Jointed appendages

25
Q

The Arthropod body plan dates back to the Cambrian explosion and is distinguished by a segmented body, tough exoskeleton (cuticle), and jointed appendages.

How did these features change over evolutionary time?

A

Decrease in # of segments

Increase in appendage specialization

Adaptations may have resulted of changes in Hox gene sequence or regulation

26
Q

What is an Arthropod’s cuticle comprised of?

A

Protein

Layers of chitin (polysac)

27
Q

What are the four major lineages (subphyla) of Arthropods?

A

Cheliceriforms (horseshoe crabs, spiders)

Myriapods (millipedes, centipedes)

Hexapods (insects)

Crustaceans (pill bugs, shrimp, lobster, crayfish)

28
Q

_________ include echinoderms, hemichordates and chordates

A

Deuterostomes include echinoderms, hemichordates and chordates

Based mainly on DNA evidence, but all have similar dev characteristics

29
Q

Echinoderms, a phyla of Deuterostomia, are slow or fast moving?

A

Echinoderms are slow-moving or sessile marine animals

E.g. starfish

30
Q

Describe the exterior of Echinoderms (starfish)

A

thin epidermis over a hard endoskeleton of calcareous plates

31
Q

Describe the water vascular system in Echinoderms (starfish; Deuterostomia)

A

water vascular system: network of hydraulic canals

Branch into tube feet, fxn in locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange

32
Q

Are male and female Echinoderms (starfish, Deuterostomia) typ separate or hermaphroditic?

Does sex reprod occur internally or externally?

A

Males and female Echinoderms are typ separate

External sexual reproduction

33
Q

Sea urchins and sea cucumbers belong to which phylum?

A

Echinoderms (Deuterostomia)

34
Q

Phlym Cordata belongs to which group?

A

Deuterostomia

Closest relatives: hemichordata, Echinodermata (starfish)

35
Q

Phylum Chordata consists of which two basal groups of __________ as well as _________.

A

Phylum Chordata consists of which two basal groups of invertebrates as well as vertebrates.

36
Q

Chordates are _________ (radially or bilaterally) symmetrical ________ (pseudo- or coelomates) w segmented bodies

A

bilaterally symmetrical coelomates w segmented bodies

37
Q

Did Chordates evolve separately or from Echinoderms (starfish)?

A

Chordates did not evolve from Echinoderms, but have evolved separately from them for at least
500 million years

38
Q

T/F: All deuterostomes have a pseudo coelom

A

FALSE

All deuterostomes do NOT have a pseudo coelom

39
Q

T/F: The animal kingdom in monophyletic

A

TRUE

The animal kingdom in monophyletic; all derive fr Metazoa clade

40
Q

T/F: A Lophophore is a feeding structure

A

TRUE

A Lophophore is a feeding structure

41
Q

Diff b/w coelomates and pseuodcoelomates

A

Coelomates have a body cavity completely lined by mesodermal tissue, whereas pseudocoelomates have no such tissue

42
Q

The blastopore first became evident during which stage of development?

A

The blastopore first became evident during gastrulation

43
Q

Embryo eight-cell stage:

  1. radial or bilateral cleavage
  2. determinate or intermediate cleavage
  3. applies to deuterostomes or protostomes
  4. Give an example
A

Embryo eight-cell stage is radial cleavage, intermediate cleavage, applies to deuterostomes, e.g. humans.

44
Q

Which traits are found in Chordates, and what do they form in humans?

A

Muscular post-anal tail - forms coccyx/ tailbone in humans

Notochord - forms cushioning disc b/w vertebrae in humans

Dorsal, hollow nerve cord - forms brain/SC in humans

Phalangeal slits/ clefts - form ears/nose in humans

45
Q

Bilateria consists of which three groups?

A

Bilateria consists of three groups: Lophotrochozoa, Ecdysozoa, Deuterostomia