Lab practical 3 Flashcards
(131 cards)
1
Q
What are Tracheophytes?
A
-They are vascular plants that have Xylem and Phloem
2
Q
What are the 2 transport systems of Tracheophytes?
A
- Xylem
- Phloem
3
Q
What is the role of the Xylem?
A
-It transports water and dissolved substances upward from the roots
4
Q
What is the role of the Phloem?
A
-It is a tissue that transports organic compounds that are made by the plant= sugars and amino acids up and down the organism
5
Q
What do the flow of fluids through the Xylem and Phloem depend on?
A
-The differences in water potential
6
Q
What is the role of the Atria?
A
-Both sides fill at the same time and allows blood to be passed to the ventricles
7
Q
What occurs in the right atria?
A
-It receives deoxygenated blood from the veins
8
Q
What occurs in the left atria?
A
-It receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary vein (lungs)
9
Q
How are the 2 Atria stimulated?
A
-Electrically stimulated via tiny currents to contract together and push blood to the ventricles
10
Q
What occurs when the Ventricles are full?
A
-They are electrically stimulated by small currents to contract together
11
Q
What occurs when the ventricles are stimulated?
A
-The right ventricle sends blood to the lungs while the left ventricle sends blood to the rest of the body via large blood vessels
12
Q
What is the Unidirectional flow of blood governed by?
A
-Valves
13
Q
How does blood flow through the right side of the heart?
A
-It flows from the atrium to the ventricle via the tricuspid valve
14
Q
How does the Tricuspid Valve work?
A
-The flaps open only in one direction= toward the ventricle
15
Q
What happens when the right ventricle contracts?
A
- The pressure within the chamber builds & forces the flaps of the tricuspid up towards the atrium
- If the flaps are pushed far enough=flaps interlock & prevents backflow of blood into the atrium
16
Q
What is the Chordae Teninae?
A
-It is specialized heart tissue that is attached to the flaps to keep them from being pushed back into the atrium
17
Q
Where is the Tricuspid Valve located?
A
-The right half of the heart
18
Q
Where is the Bicuspid valve located?
A
-The left side of the heart
19
Q
What is the role of the Bicuspid Valve?
A
-It does the same thing as the tricuspid valve at the same time
20
Q
What causes the “Lub” sound?
A
-Both the tricuspid valve and the bicuspid valve closing which causes the turbulence of blood
21
Q
How does the heart sound?
A
-The lub sound then a dub sound
22
Q
What causes the “Dub” sound?
A
-Both the aortic and pulmonary valves closing at the end of ventricular contraction= blood turbulence
23
Q
Where is the Pulmonary Valve located?
A
-On the right side of the heart
24
Q
What is the role of the Pulmonary Valve?
A
-It regulates flow of blood out of the ventricle & into the pulmonary artery
25
What is an important characteristic of the Pulmonary Valve?
-It is Unidirectional= keeps blood from flowing back into the ventricle after it relaxes
26
Where is the Aortic Valve located?
-On the left side of the heart
27
What is the role of the Aortic Valve?
-It guards the entrance of the aorta (located towards the bottom right of the heart)
28
How is blood pressure reported as?
- Two numbers
| - Described as systolic and Diastolic pressure
29
What is the first number for when blood pressure is reported?
-It is the higher number= Systolic pressure
30
What is Systolic pressure a measure of?
-The force of blood against the brachial artery wall when the left ventricle contracts
31
What is the 2nd number for when blood pressure is reported?
-It is the lower number= Diastolic pressure
32
What is Diastolic pressure a measure of?
-The force of blood against the brachial artery wall when the left ventricle relaxes
33
What is the Brachial Artery?
-It is a large artery at the bend of the arm
34
What tools are used to measure blood pressure?
-Sphygmomanometer & a stethoscope
35
What is the Sphygmomanometer cuff pumped to?
140mmHg
36
Why is Sphygmomanometer pumped to 140mmHg?
-It cuts off blood flow in the artery
37
How is the blood flow like when the cuff pressure drops?
-The flow is turbulent bc the artery isn't fully open yet= makes a sound=Systolic pressure
38
What is the pressure corresponding to the loss of sound when the artery finally fully open up?
-Diastolic pressure
39
What is the noise from the stethoscope called?
-Korotkoff
40
What are the electrical events associated with?
-The contractions of the atria and ventricles
41
What are the 7 steps of electrical events that drive the heart pumping?
1) The sino-atrial (SA) node depolarizes
2) This depolarization stimulates the muscles of the atria to contract
3) The path of conduction down the ventricle is through the Atrio-Ventricular (AV) node
4) When depolarization signal reaches the node, it is delayed for a split second to allow blood to be completely emptied from atria
5) post delay, the electrical signal is passed to Purkinje fibers
6) These fibers pass the signal to ventricular muscle
7) The depolarized muscle contracts
42
What is the Sino-Atrial (SA) node?
-A segment of heart muscle in the right atrium
43
What is the Atrio-ventricular (AV) node?
-Nest of tissue that coordinates the top of the heart
44
What are Purkinje Fibers?
-Specialized conducting tissue that conduct the cardiac action potentials more quickly than any other cell in the heart
45
Where are Purkinje Fibers located?
-Towards the bottom of the heart
46
How is the heart ready to beat?
-When the ventricles depolarize, the atria repolarizes
47
What may be shown on an EKG tracing?
-The depolarization of the atria and the repolarization of the ventricles.
48
What does an EKG look like?
-You have the p wave, then the QRS complex spike, then the T wave
49
What does the P wave on an EKG trace represent?
-Depolarization of atria
50
What does the QRS complex correspond to?
-The depolarization of the ventricles
51
What does the T wave on an EKG trace represent?
-Repolarization of ventricles
52
Although the atria repolarize at the same time at the QRS complex, is it shown on the tracing?
-No
53
What is the distance between the 2 peaks when estimating heart rate from a computer display?
-It is the elapsed time in seconds
54
How do you calculate heart rate beats per minute?
60 divided elapsed time
55
What are Vascular plants?
-Those that have internal transport systems
56
What are known as Vascular plants?
-Whisk ferns, lycophytes (club mosses), ferns, seed-bearing plants (gymnosperms & angiosperms)
57
What type of vascular plants did we focus on in lab?
-Angiosperms AKA seed-bearing plants
58
What are the 2 types of Angiosperms?
-Monocots & Eudicots
59
What are Monocots?
- Type of angiosperm
| - AKA grass, corn, wheat, onions, daffodils, irises, palms
60
What are Eudicots?
- Type of Angiosperm
| - AKA mighty oaks, maples, basswoods, roses, alfalfa, buttercups, beans, clover, tomatoes
61
What are the 3 main characteristics of Monocots?
- They have 1 embryonic leaf
- Leaf venation is parallel
- Flowering parts occur in groups of 3
62
What are the 3 main characteristics of Eudicots?
- Theres 2 embryonic leaves
- Leaf venation is netted
- Flowering parts occur in groups of 4 or 5
63
What are the 4 main components of transport tissue in monocot roots?
- Epidermis=outer layer
- Cortex=Layer under outer layer
- Endodermis= layer under cortex, before pith
- Pith= center
64
How does water and Nutrients travel from the soil into the Monocot roots?
- They travel inward towards a central cylinder of cells (Stele) that is bounded by the endodermis
- It moves inward bc the water potential in the soil > in the stele
65
What are the 3 main components of Herbaceous Eudicot Roots?
- Epidermis= outside
- Cortex= middle section
- Stele= very center that contains the endodermis, phloem, xylem
66
What does the stained Xylem form in Herbaceous Eudicot Roots?
3 or 4 armed red cross in the center of the stele
67
What is a characteristic of transport tissues in Monocot Stems compared to Eudicot?
-They don't have a discrete central cylinder & clear separation between the cortex and pith
68
What do the transport tissues in Monocot Stems have?
-They are found together in discrete vascular bundles that are dispersed throughout the stem
69
What are the 3 main components of transport tissue in Monocot Stems?
- Epidermis= outside
- Vascular bundle= bubble on inside of tissue
- Ground tissue= little bubbles towards the bottom
70
What are the transport tissues in Herbaceous Eudicot Stems like?
-The central placement of xylem and phloem is replaced by vascular bundles (they're different than monocots)
71
What are the 4 main components of the Transport tissues in Herbaceous Eudicot Stems?
- Epidermis
- Cortex
- Vascular bundles
- Pith
72
How are transport tissues in woody eudicot stems like?
- The xylem and phloem fuse into continuous rings with the xylem interior to phloem
- SO THEY LOOK LIKE RINGS
73
What is the transport tissue in a Eudicot Leaf like?
-Xylem and phloem form continuous pathways for transport through roots, stems and leaves
74
What role do leaves play in transport tissue in Eudicot leaves?
-Serves as centers for photosynthesis= have chloroplasts that where light is used to power the conversion of water & CO2 into sugars & other organic compounds that are shipped to the rest of the plant via Phloem
75
How does water arrive at the leaves?
-Via xylem under the influence of transpiration, tension, and cohesion
76
What is Transpiration?
-Loss of water to the atmosphere from leaves
77
How does water exit leaves?
-Through small openings= Stomata
78
What is the size of each stomata controlled by?
- By 2 guard cells
| - It also provides entry points for CO2
79
What are the 5 main components of Transport tissues iin Eudicot leaf?
- Epidermis
- Xylem
- Phloem
- Stroma
- Guard cells
80
What is the typical response to stimuli for plants?
-Growing= controlled within the plant by hormones
81
What 2 plant hormones did we examine in the plant hormone lab?
-Indoleacetic acid (IAA) and Kinetin
82
What is Indoleacetic Acid?
-It is hormone of the auxin type= stimulate cell elongation
83
What is Kinetin?
-Is cytokinin= hormone that promote cell division
84
What is the relationship between Indoleacetic Acid and Kinetin?
-They work together to bring different patterns of growth in different parts of the plan
85
What is the relationship between IAA/ kinetic ratio and Lateral Buds?
-They're inversely proportional= low IAA/Kinetin ratio makes high lateral shoot stimulation
86
How is IAA produced?
-Via growing apex of a plant & is transported down the lateral buds
87
Where is Kinetin produced?
-In the roots
88
When does suppression of the lateral shoot growth occur?
-Occurs when the IAA/ Kinetin ratio at the lateral bud is high
89
What do lateral buds give rise to?
-Lateral shoots
90
How many treatments did we do for the plant hormones?
-We did 4 treatments= Red, Blue, Yellow, Green,
91
What is Red treatment?
-Lanolin paste doesn't have any IAA, carbowax doesn't have any kinetin
92
What is Blue treatment?
-Lanolin paste doesn't have any IAA, carbowax has kinetin
93
What is Yellow treatment?
-Lanolin paste has IAA, Carbowax doesn't have any kinetin
94
What is Green treatment?
-Lanolin paste has IAA, Carbowax has kinetin
95
How do you compare the average shoot lengths?
-Using the T-test
96
What does the T-test allow you to compare?
-The means of 2 samples in order to determine if chance alone is likely to be responsible for the difference between them
97
What does the T-value tell you?
-The probability that chance alone accounts for the difference
98
What does it mean when the probability is greater than or equal to .05?
-The difference is due to chance
99
What does it mean when the probability is less than or equal to .05
-The applied difference caused a difference
100
How do we calculate the degrees of freedom?
n1+n2-2
-where n1 is the number of shoots counted from one treatment and n2 are the number of shoots counted from the other treatment in current comparison
101
How do you calculate the T-value?
-Subtract both groups and divide by standard error of difference
102
How do you calculate the standard error of difference?
-SD of one sample of later shoots squared divided by number of shoots in one sample + the SD of the other sample squared divided the number of shoots in the other sample and then take the square root of everything
103
What is Diffusion?
-Movement of molecules from high to low concentration
104
how do the molecules react when the temperature is above absolute Zero (-273 degrees Celcius)?
-They constantly in motion
105
When is water at its highest?
-When the water is pure
106
What happens to the concentration of water when solutes are added to volume of water?
-The concentration goes down bc the polar solutes tend to bind to water molecules and reduce their mobility
107
When does Osmosis occur?
-When water diffuses through the semi-permeable membrane
108
What are the factors that indicate which way water will move through semi-permeable membrane?
- The presence/absence of solutes in water
| - Pressure
109
What is the role of pressure?
- It helps loosen the water form the solute
| - Also plays a role when diffusion of water is prevented by turgor pressure that builds up in the cell as water enters
110
What is Water potential?
-Quantity that takes into account both the effects of solutes in water and pressure
111
What is water potential the measure of?
-chemical potential of water= free energy per mole of water
112
What way does water always move in terms of water potential?
-It moves from high to low
113
What is the solute potential symbolized by?
Psi subscript s
114
What is the equation for Solute potential?
-Psi subcript s = -iCRT
Where C= concentration in moles/liter
R=gas constant (.0831 liter bars/mole k)
T=temperature, K
115
What is the relationship between the water potential of solutes and C?
-Inverse relationship due to the negative sign in the equation
116
What is the highest possible value for the water potential of solutes?
Zero= occurs in pure water
117
What happens when solutes are added to water?
-C increases and water potential of solutes decreases bc it becomes more negative
118
What happens when turgor pressure builds up in a plant/ bacterial/ fungal cells?
It becomes turgid= water is eventually unable to enter the cell bc of the pressure
119
What is the formula for total water potential?
Water potential= Solute + Pressure
120
How much pressure can plant cells withstand without bursting?
5-15 bars or 75-220 pounds/in
121
What occurs when the turgor pressure increases?
-Water potential of the cell increases
122
What occurs when the water potential is the same inside & outside of the cell?
-net inward diffusion of water stops
123
What occurs to bacterial or fungal cells/ animal cells when they are put in solutions of high water potential?
-They burst as the cell volume increases
124
Why do animal cells lyse when they are put in solutions of high water potential?
-They lack cell walls & are unable to resist the stretching of the cell membrane that results from entry of water
125
What was the purpose of the water potential lab?
-Determine water potential of potato cells by immersing potato tissue into solutions that have different molarities of sucrose
126
What occurs in the potato cells if the water potential is lower than the water potential in solutions?
-The water will diffuse into these cells= increasing volume and mass
127
What occurs to the potato cells if their water potential is greater than the water potential in solutions?
-Water will diffuse out of the cells decreasing their volume and mass
128
What occurs to potato cells if their water potential is equal to the water potential of glucose?
-There isn't any volume or mass change
129
What is the independent variable of the water potential lab?
-Sucrose concentration
130
What is the dependent variable of the water potential lab?
-Percent change in mass
131
How do you calculate the percent change in the water potential lab?
Mass final-Mass initial divided by the mass initial times 100
