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ANSC 220 > Lab practical 3 > Flashcards

Lab practical 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the syrinx?

A

A structure near the end of the trachea just before the bronchi in birds. Allows for phonation.

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2
Q

What are the muscular slits in the syrinx called?

A

A tympanic membrane

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3
Q

Each tympanic membrane can be controlled ____________ for elaborate phonation.

A

Independently

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4
Q

What is well developed in songbirds?

A

The syrinx

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5
Q

The syrinx allows for songbirds to sing in _ different frequencies at the same time.

A

2

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6
Q

What is the wood thrush bird capable of?

A

Controlling both tympanic membranes within the syrinx and can sing in two different frequencies simultaneously.

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7
Q

Where is ventilation achieved in birds?

A

Expanded air sacs

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8
Q

Where is gas exchange achieved in birds?

A

The lungs

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9
Q

Lungs do not change in ____ in birds.

A

size

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10
Q

What kind of ventilation do birds use?

A

A combination of flow-through and tidal ventilation

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11
Q

What is the pathway of the bird respiratory system?

A

Nasal passages, trachea, primary bronchi (each passing through a lung), secondary bronchi, inhaled air ends at posterior air sacs.

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12
Q

Describe the trachea in birds.

A

4.5 times longer and wider than mammals of comparable size.

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13
Q

What does the large trachea in birds allow for?

A

Increased tidal volume and lower respiration rate

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14
Q

What are the two secondary bronchi in each lung in birds?

A

ventrobronchi and dorsobronchi

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15
Q

What are the two secondary bronchi connected by?

A

parabronchi

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16
Q

What do parabronchi contain?

A

Air capillaries or small tunnels (rather than alveoli)

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17
Q

What regulates diameter in parabronchi?

A

Smooth muscle

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18
Q

What happens as air flows form dorsobronchi to ventrobronchi?

A

Oxygen exchange from air capillaries to pulmonary capillaries

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19
Q

Air sacs inflate and deflate ______.

A

tidally

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20
Q

Air sacs rely on ___ _________ and large ________ to power ventilation.

A

rib movement, sternum

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21
Q

___ inspirations and expirations are needed to complete a respiratory cycle in birds.

A

Two

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22
Q

Air flows into __________ the expired to _________ then exhaled out through _______.

A

dorsobronchi, ventrobronchi, trachea

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23
Q

What increases gas exchange in birds?

A

Crosscurrent blood flow along parabronchi

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24
Q

Do air sacs contribute to gas exchange?

A

No

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25
Q

Air sacs have ___ blood supply.

A

low

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26
Q

What is the benefit of air sacs?

A

They promote unidirectional flow of large volumes of air through the lung parabronchi.

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27
Q

How many total air sacs do domestic birds have?

A

8-9

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28
Q

What are the two groups of air sacs?

A

Anterior and posterior

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29
Q

What are air sacs held open by?

A

Connective tissue

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30
Q

Where do some air sacs protrude into?

A

Bone medullary cavity

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31
Q

How many cervical air sacs do domestic birds have?

A

1-2

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32
Q

How many clavicular (or intraclavicular) air sacs do domestic birds have?

A

1

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33
Q

How many cranial (or anterior) thoracic air sacs do domestic birds have?

A

2

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34
Q

How many caudal (or posterior) thoracic air sacs do domestic birds have?

A

2

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35
Q

How many abdominal air sacs do domestic birds have?

A

2

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36
Q

What are diverticula?

A

Additional air sacs inside the bones

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37
Q

Which air sacs may have diverticula?

A

The cervical and clavicular air sacs

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38
Q

What is the anterior/cranial group of air sacs attached to?

A

Ventrobronchi

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39
Q

What is the function of the anterior/cranial group of air sacs?

A

To receive old exhaled air

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40
Q

Which air sacs are included in the anterior/cranial group?

A

Interclavicular (clavicular), cervical, and anterior thoracics

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41
Q

What is the posterior/ caudal group of air sacs attached to?

A

The dorsobronchi

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42
Q

What is the function of the posterior/caudal group of air sacs?

A

Receive fresh inhaled air

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43
Q

What air sacs are included in the posterior/caudal group?

A

Th posterior thoracics and abdominals

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44
Q

Why do birds require more oxygen?

A

They have a high metabolism and some fly at high elevations

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45
Q

What reduces gas diffusion distance in birds?

A

Thinner epithelial cells lining the pulmonary capillaries than mammals

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46
Q

Air capillaries without _____ ___ like alveoli promote flow through system.

A

blind end

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47
Q

Air capillaries are ____ and _______ to high activity damage unlike alveoli with high elasticity and recoil.

A

rigid, resistent

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48
Q

Air capillaries have _____ blood supply.

A

Greater

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49
Q

In birds, __%-__% of air oxygen is extracted in flow through system.

A

30, 40

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50
Q

About __% of air oxygen is extracted in true tidal systems in mammals.

A

25

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51
Q

What is the respiratory pathway in mammals?

A

Nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

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52
Q

What prevents food and water from entering the trachea?

A

The epiglottas

53
Q

What are the rings found in the trachea called?

A

Cartilaginous rings

54
Q

What is the “adams apple?”

A

Thyroid cartilage

55
Q

What are the lobes in the right lung of a pig called?

A

Cranial, middle, accessory, and caudal

56
Q

What are the lobes in the left lung of a pig called?

A

Cranial and caudal

57
Q

What does the digestive tract of most vertebrates include?

A

The mouth pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and cecum, and anus.

58
Q

What are the accessory organs to the digestive system in most vertebrates?

A

Salivary glands, pancreas, and biliary system.

59
Q

What organs are part of the biliary system?

A

The liver and in some species the gallbladder.

60
Q

What are the 4 chambers in ruminants called?

A

The rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum

61
Q

What is the “true” stomach in ruminants?

A

The abomasum

62
Q

What does the stomach include in birds?

A

The proventriculus and gizzard (ventriculus)

63
Q

What is the “true” stomach in birds?

A

The proventriculus

64
Q

What is the pathway of the digestive system?

A

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus.

65
Q

What is particularly large in hind-gut fermenters, such as horses?

A

The cecum

66
Q

In ruminants the __________ chamber is the gastric (glandular) region that secretes HCl for protein digestion.

A

abomasum

67
Q

What kind of fermenters are ruminants?

A

Foregut fermenters

68
Q

__________ involves carbohydrate metabolism in the absence of oxygen.

A

Fermentation

69
Q

What is fermentation achieved by?

A

Anaerobic bacteria within specific chambers

70
Q

What is the purpose of fermentation?

A

To digest cellulose

71
Q

What is cellulose metabolized into?

A

Absorbable fatty acids

72
Q

What is the purpose of regurgitation, re-mastication, and the swallowing of cud?

A

Reduces food particle size

73
Q

What is cud?

A

Partially digested food regurgitated to the mouth for rechewing.

74
Q

What chambers make up the ruminant forestomach?

A

The rumen, reticulum, and omasum.

75
Q

What is the largest chamber of a ruminant stomach?

A

The rumen

76
Q

What is the second largest chamber of a ruminant stomach?

A

The abomasum

77
Q

What is the third largest chamber of a ruminant stomach?

A

The reticulum

78
Q

What is the fourth largest (smallest) chamber of the ruminant stomach?

A

The omasum

79
Q

Which chambers are responsible for the bulk of fermentation by bacteria in ruminants?

A

The rumen and reticulum (ruminoreticulum)

80
Q

The ___________ and _____ layer of smooth muscle is important for mixing and moving of food through the chambers and toward small intestine.

A

longitudinal, circular

81
Q

Where does the esophagus end in ruminants?

A

At a junction between the rumen and reticulum called the cardia

82
Q

What divides the ingested material in a cow rumen?

A

Pillars

83
Q

How much ingested material can the cow rumen hold?

A

110-135 Liters

84
Q

Pillar contraction aids in _____ but also limits ________ of food into different compartments.

A

mixing,movement

85
Q

What are papillae?

A

Visible finger-like projections that cover the inside of the rumen and increase surface area for fermentation and absorption of fatty acids.

86
Q

Which chamber of the ruminant stomach is on the left side?

A

The rumen

87
Q

What chambers of the ruminant stomach are on the right side?

A

The omasum, abomasum, and reticulum

88
Q

What sacs make up the rumen?

A

The dorsal sac, ventral sac, caudoventral sac, and caudodorsal sac.

89
Q

What are the grooves in the ruminant stomach?

A

The accessory groove, the longitudinal groove, the dorsal coronary groove, the caudal groove, and the ventral coronary groove.

90
Q

What pathway does food take once it has entered the rumen stomach?

A

Rumen, reticulum, back to the esophagus, into the omasum, the abomasum, and into the small intestine.

91
Q

What is the function of the rumen?

A

Mixing and fermentation

92
Q

What is the function of the omasum?

A

Water absorption

93
Q

What is the function of the abomasum?

A

Protein digestion

94
Q

What separates the rumen and reticulum?

A

A rumenoreticular fold

95
Q

How is food exchanged between the rumen and reticulum during mixing?

A

It is freely exchanged

96
Q

What covers the surface of the reticulum?

A

Honeycomb like structures that help sort and filter food particles

97
Q

Where does food enter the omasum?

A

The reticulo-omasal orifice

98
Q

What groove extends from the opening of the esophagus to the omasum?

A

The reticular or esophageal groove

99
Q

What does the esophageal groove allow for?

A

It forms a tube in young nursing ruminants, which allows for food to bypass the rumen, reticulum, and omasum. This prevents microbes from spoiling the milk.

100
Q

What do the structures of the omasum resemble?

A

Pages in a book

101
Q

What does the omasum limit?

A

The passage of large particles into the abomasum

102
Q

What controls the flow of material between the omasum and abomasum?

A

Omaso-abomasal orifice

103
Q

What is the definition of the abomasum?

A

The acid secreting region that digests proteins and microbes

104
Q

What does the abomasum have that non-ruminant stomachs do not have?

A

Large spiral folds

105
Q

What is larger in the abomasum than in non-ruminant stomachs

A

The fundic and pyloric regions

106
Q

When does rumen smooth muscle motility increase?

A

With sight of food, chewing, rumination or distention of the ruminoreticulum (autonomic activity from the medulla)

107
Q

How long do cattle ruminate each day?

A

8 hours

108
Q

What triggers rumination cycles?

A

Contraction of the reticulum, closing of the glottis, relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter, and reverse peristalsis

109
Q

What is another word for chewing?

A

Mastication

110
Q

What is the rumen buffered by?

A

Enormous amounts of saliva

111
Q

What does the saliva in the rumen contain?

A

Bicarbonate, phosphates, and ammonia

112
Q

What is the optimal pH of the rumen?

A

6.5-7.0 (usually lower because of VFAs)

113
Q

What do the microbes in the rumen consist of?

A

Bacteria, archaea, protozoa, and fungi

114
Q

How many species of bacteria are in the rumen and at what concentration?

A

200 species at a concentration of 10^9 to 10^10 per gram of rumen content

115
Q

What is the function of epi-mural bacteria?

A

Use oxygen supplied by tissues and keep the oxygen levels in rumen low for anaerobic bacteria. They also convert urea from the rumen wall to ammonia

116
Q

How many species of protozoa are there in the rumen that feed on bacteria?

A

60

117
Q

How many species of fungi are there in the rumen that weaken plant cell walls?

A

14

118
Q

What does glucose metabolism result in the production of?

A

Volatile fatty acids acetate, butyrate, and propionate. Methane and carbon dioxide also produced.

119
Q

Rumen fluid consists of __%-__% acetate, __%-__% propionate, and __%-__% butyric acid.

A

60-70, 14-20, and 10-14

120
Q

What are the most important products of digestion?

A

Acetate, propionate, and butyric acid

121
Q

What happens to acetate, propionate, and butyric acid?

A

They are absorbed across the rumen epithelium and transported by the hepatic portal vein to the liver

122
Q

What is important about propionate?

A

It is the only VFA that can be used to regenerate glucose for the ruminant animal

123
Q

__% of the ruminant’s body glucose and glycogen is produced from propionate in the liver.

A

70

124
Q

What are butyric acid and acetate used for?

A

To produce ATP and body or milk fat

125
Q

Microbes use ________ to produce peptides and amino acids and convert some amino acids to ammonia.

A

proteases

126
Q

Where is ammonia absorbed in the ruminant?

A

Through the ruminoreticulum and omasum

127
Q

Where are microbe amino acids and nucleic acids absorbed?

A

In the small intestine

128
Q

What percentage of dietary protein entering the rumen is not degraded?

A

30 to 40

ANSC 220 (6 decks)

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