Lab Practical 2 Flashcards
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
12
Which cranial nerves are connected to the cerebrum?
I and II
Which cranial nerves are connected to the brain stem?
III-XII
What kind of fibers are afferent neurons?
Sensory fibers
What kind of fibers are efferent neurons?
Motor fibers
Which nerve is CN I?
Olfactory nerve
Which nerve is CN II?
Optic nerve
Which nerve is CN III?
Oculomotor
Which nerve is CN IV?
Trochlear
Which nerve is CN VII?
Facial nerve
Which nerve is CN VIII?
Vestibulocochlear nerve
Which nerve is CN IX?
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Which nerve is CN X?
Vagus nerve
What is the corneal reflex?
Rapid blink of the eye when the cornea is touched.
What nerves and structures contribute to the corneal reflex?
Trigeminal nerve (V), facial nerve (VII), and abducent nerve (VI), and the pons of brainstem
What type of nerve is the trigeminal (V) nerve?
Afferent/sensory
Wha type of nerve is the facial (VII) nerve?
Efferent/motor
What type of nerve is the abducent (VI) nerve?
Efferent/motor
What is the palpebral reflex?
Touching the eyelid causes the eye to blink.
What nerves and structures contribute to the palpebral reflex?
Trigeminal (V) nerve, facial (VII) nerve, and the pons of brainstem.
What is the eye preservation of menace reflex?
The rapid blink of the eye when an animal is approached by an object.
What nerves and structures contribute to the eye preservation of menace reflex?
Optic (II) nerve, abducent (VI) nerve, facial (VII) nerve, and the cerebellum
What is the pupillary light reflex (PLR)?
Changes in the diameter of pupil in response to changes in light intensity and the ANS.
What nerves and structures contribute to the pupillary light reflex?
Optic (II) nerve, oculomotor (III) nerve, and the midbrain of brainstem
What type of nerve is the optic (II) nerve?
Afferent/sensory
What type of nerve is the oculomotor (III) nerve?
Efferent/motor
What does PNS stimulation in the eye cause?
Pupillary constriction
What does SNS stimulation in the eye cause>
Pupillary dilation
What is the cutaneous trunci reflex?
Contraction of cutaneous trunci m. (skin twitches)
What is the afferent pathway of the cutaneous trunci reflex?
Skin mechanoreceptors send signals cranially to C8-T1 spinal nerves.
What is the efferent pathway of the cutaneous trunci reflex?
Lateral thoracic nerve to cutaneous trunci muscle
What is the cutaneous trunci reflex used for?
Detection of spinal cord injuries.
What are the functions of the nervous system?
regulate movement + secretions, collect/communicate environmental information, maintain consciousness, and stimulate survival behaviors.
What is the cell body of a neuron called?
Soma
What are neuroglia or glial cells?
Non-neuronal cells that support neuron function
What is the central nervous system (CNS)?
The brain, CN II, and the spinal chord.
What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
Cranial nerves (except II) and spinal nerves
What is myelin?
White sheath of fatty material around nerve fibers (axons).
What is a myelin sheath?
Many layers of glial cells wrapped around an axon
What is an afferent neuron?
A neuron that brings information to the CNS from the PNS
What is an efferent neuron?
A neuron that sends information from the CNS to target tissues.
What is a ganglia?
A group of nerve cell bodies in the PNS
What is a nuclei?
A group of nerve cell bodies in the CNS.
What is a tract/fasciculi?
A bundle of nerve processes in the CNS
What are nerves?
A bundle of nerve processes in the PNS
What is white matter?
Region of tracts; myelinated sheath of axons
What is grey matter?
Primarily aggregates of neuronal cell bodies.
What separates the two hemispheres in the cerebrum?
Longitudinal fissure/ corpus callosum
What are gyri?
A ridge on the surface of the brain (raised surface)
What are sulci?
A groove or furrow in the brain
What are the functions of the cerebrum?
Recognition of sensory and higher functions, consciousness, reason, planning, memory, some voluntary and involuntary control of skeletal muscle.
What are the functions of the frontal lobe?
Cognitive functions, emotion, problem-solving, memory, behavior, and judgement.
What are the functions of the temporal lobe?
Gustatory, auditory, and language information processing.
What is the function of the parietal lobe?
Somatosensory (bodily sensation) information processing
What is the function of the occipital lobe?
Visual or sight information processing.
What is the supplementary motor area responsible for?
Programming of complex movement
What is the premotor cortex responsible for?
Coordination of complex movements
What is the prefrontal association cortex responsible for?
Planning for voluntary activity; decision making; personality traits.
What is the Broca’s area responsible for?
Speech information
What are the primary auditory cortex and higher-order auditory cortex responsible for?
Hearing
What is the limbic association cortex responsible for?
Motivation, emotion, and memory.
What are the primary visual cortex and higher-order visual cortex responsible for?
Sight
What is the parietal-temporal-occipital association cortex responsible for?
Integration of all sensory input.
What is the Wernicke’s area responsible for?
Speech understanding; important in all language.
What is the posterior parietal cortex responsible for?
Integration of somatosensory and visual input; important for complex movements.
What is the somatosensory cortex responsible for?
Somesthetic sensation and proprioception.
What is the primary motor cortex responsible for?
Voluntary movement.
What does electroencephalography (EEG) do?
Measures the brain electro-conductivity or action potentials in the cerebral cortex. Used to measure brain cortex function and activity.
What are the of the diencephalon?
The thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus, and hypophysis.
What is the thalamus?
The relay center for sensory information between the cerebrum, brainstem, cerebellum, and spinal cord.
What is the function of the epithalamus?
Connects the limbic system (emotions)to other parts of the brain.
What does the epithalamus contain?
The pineal gland.
What does the pineal gland do?
Controls circadian (daily) or diurnal (light) biological systems.
What is the hypothalamus?
The “big boss.” Contains many nuclei that control autonomic activity, behavior, and pituitary gland neuroendocrine and endocrine hormones.
What does the hypophysis do?
Produces neuroendocrine and endocrine hormones to regulate animal homeostasis.
What does the diencephalon do?
Controls behavior and endocrine system.