Lab Practical 2 Flashcards
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
12
Which cranial nerves are connected to the cerebrum?
I and II
Which cranial nerves are connected to the brain stem?
III-XII
What kind of fibers are afferent neurons?
Sensory fibers
What kind of fibers are efferent neurons?
Motor fibers
Which nerve is CN I?
Olfactory nerve
Which nerve is CN II?
Optic nerve
Which nerve is CN III?
Oculomotor
Which nerve is CN IV?
Trochlear
Which nerve is CN VII?
Facial nerve
Which nerve is CN VIII?
Vestibulocochlear nerve
Which nerve is CN IX?
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Which nerve is CN X?
Vagus nerve
What is the corneal reflex?
Rapid blink of the eye when the cornea is touched.
What nerves and structures contribute to the corneal reflex?
Trigeminal nerve (V), facial nerve (VII), and abducent nerve (VI), and the pons of brainstem
What type of nerve is the trigeminal (V) nerve?
Afferent/sensory
Wha type of nerve is the facial (VII) nerve?
Efferent/motor
What type of nerve is the abducent (VI) nerve?
Efferent/motor
What is the palpebral reflex?
Touching the eyelid causes the eye to blink.
What nerves and structures contribute to the palpebral reflex?
Trigeminal (V) nerve, facial (VII) nerve, and the pons of brainstem.
What is the eye preservation of menace reflex?
The rapid blink of the eye when an animal is approached by an object.
What nerves and structures contribute to the eye preservation of menace reflex?
Optic (II) nerve, abducent (VI) nerve, facial (VII) nerve, and the cerebellum
What is the pupillary light reflex (PLR)?
Changes in the diameter of pupil in response to changes in light intensity and the ANS.
What nerves and structures contribute to the pupillary light reflex?
Optic (II) nerve, oculomotor (III) nerve, and the midbrain of brainstem
What type of nerve is the optic (II) nerve?
Afferent/sensory
What type of nerve is the oculomotor (III) nerve?
Efferent/motor
What does PNS stimulation in the eye cause?
Pupillary constriction
What does SNS stimulation in the eye cause>
Pupillary dilation
What is the cutaneous trunci reflex?
Contraction of cutaneous trunci m. (skin twitches)
What is the afferent pathway of the cutaneous trunci reflex?
Skin mechanoreceptors send signals cranially to C8-T1 spinal nerves.
What is the efferent pathway of the cutaneous trunci reflex?
Lateral thoracic nerve to cutaneous trunci muscle
What is the cutaneous trunci reflex used for?
Detection of spinal cord injuries.
What are the functions of the nervous system?
regulate movement + secretions, collect/communicate environmental information, maintain consciousness, and stimulate survival behaviors.
What is the cell body of a neuron called?
Soma
What are neuroglia or glial cells?
Non-neuronal cells that support neuron function
What is the central nervous system (CNS)?
The brain, CN II, and the spinal chord.
What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
Cranial nerves (except II) and spinal nerves
What is myelin?
White sheath of fatty material around nerve fibers (axons).
What is a myelin sheath?
Many layers of glial cells wrapped around an axon
What is an afferent neuron?
A neuron that brings information to the CNS from the PNS
What is an efferent neuron?
A neuron that sends information from the CNS to target tissues.
What is a ganglia?
A group of nerve cell bodies in the PNS
What is a nuclei?
A group of nerve cell bodies in the CNS.
What is a tract/fasciculi?
A bundle of nerve processes in the CNS
What are nerves?
A bundle of nerve processes in the PNS
What is white matter?
Region of tracts; myelinated sheath of axons
What is grey matter?
Primarily aggregates of neuronal cell bodies.
What separates the two hemispheres in the cerebrum?
Longitudinal fissure/ corpus callosum
What are gyri?
A ridge on the surface of the brain (raised surface)
What are sulci?
A groove or furrow in the brain
What are the functions of the cerebrum?
Recognition of sensory and higher functions, consciousness, reason, planning, memory, some voluntary and involuntary control of skeletal muscle.
What are the functions of the frontal lobe?
Cognitive functions, emotion, problem-solving, memory, behavior, and judgement.
What are the functions of the temporal lobe?
Gustatory, auditory, and language information processing.
What is the function of the parietal lobe?
Somatosensory (bodily sensation) information processing
What is the function of the occipital lobe?
Visual or sight information processing.
What is the supplementary motor area responsible for?
Programming of complex movement
What is the premotor cortex responsible for?
Coordination of complex movements
What is the prefrontal association cortex responsible for?
Planning for voluntary activity; decision making; personality traits.
What is the Broca’s area responsible for?
Speech information
What are the primary auditory cortex and higher-order auditory cortex responsible for?
Hearing
What is the limbic association cortex responsible for?
Motivation, emotion, and memory.
What are the primary visual cortex and higher-order visual cortex responsible for?
Sight
What is the parietal-temporal-occipital association cortex responsible for?
Integration of all sensory input.
What is the Wernicke’s area responsible for?
Speech understanding; important in all language.
What is the posterior parietal cortex responsible for?
Integration of somatosensory and visual input; important for complex movements.
What is the somatosensory cortex responsible for?
Somesthetic sensation and proprioception.
What is the primary motor cortex responsible for?
Voluntary movement.
What does electroencephalography (EEG) do?
Measures the brain electro-conductivity or action potentials in the cerebral cortex. Used to measure brain cortex function and activity.
What are the of the diencephalon?
The thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus, and hypophysis.
What is the thalamus?
The relay center for sensory information between the cerebrum, brainstem, cerebellum, and spinal cord.
What is the function of the epithalamus?
Connects the limbic system (emotions)to other parts of the brain.
What does the epithalamus contain?
The pineal gland.
What does the pineal gland do?
Controls circadian (daily) or diurnal (light) biological systems.
What is the hypothalamus?
The “big boss.” Contains many nuclei that control autonomic activity, behavior, and pituitary gland neuroendocrine and endocrine hormones.
What does the hypophysis do?
Produces neuroendocrine and endocrine hormones to regulate animal homeostasis.
What does the diencephalon do?
Controls behavior and endocrine system.
What are the components of the brainstem?
The midbrain or mesencephalon, the pons or metencephalon, and the medulla oblongata or myencephalon.
What does the midbrain or mesencephalon do?
Controls some motor movement, particularly within the eye, and is involved in audio and visual processing.
What CN nerves are involved with the midbrain?
The oculomotor (III) and trochlear (IV) nerves.
What does the pons or metencephalon do?
Provides a bridge or neural communication pathway between the cerebrum and cerebullum.
What CN nerve is involved with the pons?
The trigeminal (V) nerve.
What is the medulla oblongata or myencephalon?
The autonomic control center for lungs, heart, blood vessels, and digestive tract. Reflex centers for coughing, vomiting, sneezing, and swallowing.
What CN nerves are involved in the medulla oblongata?
Abducens (VI), facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X), accessory (XI), and hypoglossal (XII) nerves.
The ________ controls sleep-wake cycles.
brainstem
What are the responsibilities of the cerebellum?
Critical to the accurate timing and execution of movement and balance. Helps to smooth and coordinate fine skeletal muscle activity.
What is the vestibulocerebellum (segment of cerebellum that makes contact with the brainstem) responsible for?
Maintenance of balance and control of eye movements.
What is the spinocerebellum (segment between the vestibulocerebellum and cerebrocerebellum) responsible for?
Regulation of muscle tone and coordination of skilled voluntary movement.
What is the cerebrocerebellum (segment farthest from the brain stem) responsible for?
Planning and initiation of voluntary activity and storage of procedural memories.
What is the ventricular system?
A system of hollow cavities (ventricles) that circulates cerebral-spinal fluid (CSF) within/ around the brain and spinal cord.
What is the choroid plexus?
Tuff of capillaries that protrude into each ventricle.
What are ependymal cells?
A special type of epithelial cell that covers the choroid plexus and helps to produce CSF.
What is important about the ventricular system?
It serves to protect, add buoyancy, and provide neurons and glial cells with nutrients.
Where are the right and left lateral ventricles?
One inside each cerebral hemisphere.
Where is the third ventricle?
Surrounded by the diencephalon.
Where is the fourth ventricle?
Below the cerebellum over the pons/medulla.
What are meninges?
Protective connective tissue covering the brain and spinal cord.
What is dura mater?
Tough fibrous outermost/most superficial covering.
What is dura mater in relation to the brain?
Attaches directly to cranial bones, replaces periosteum.
What is arachnoid mater?
Meninges between dura mater and pia mater.
Where is arachnoid mater in relation to the brain?
Firmly attached to the brain.
What does arachnoid mater do?
Creates subarachnoid pace above pia mater where CSF flows.
What is pia mater?
The immediate covering of the brain and spinal cord.
What does pia mater contain?
Blood vessels entering the brain.
Where is epidural anesthesia injected?
Into the dura mater of the spinal cord.
What are the components of most capillaries in the body?
A cell forming a capillary wall and a water lined pore.
Endothelial cells of brain capillaries have _____ _______ and ________ ________ for factors needed by neurons.
tight junctions, membrane transporters
What are the functions of the blood brain barrier?
Controls what leaves blood to enter the brain interstitial space/fluid, and prevents access of harmful substances into the brain.
The _____ _____ ______ makes treatment of brain diseases difficult.
blood brain barrier
How many chambers do bird and mammal hearts have?
4
What is the function of the right pump in the heart?
Collects oxygen depleted blood from tissues and pumps it to the lungs (pulmonary circulation).
What is the function of the left pump in the heart?
Collects oxygen-rich blood from lungs and pumps it to body tissues (systemic circulation).
_____ volumes of blood are pumped by the right and left side of the heart at the same time.
Equal
What are the chambers in each pump of the heart?
Atrium and ventricle
What does the atrium do?
Collects blood entering the heart.
What does the ventricle do?
Forces blood out of the heart.
What does the superior vena cava do?
Returns blood from the head and upper limbs.
What do the right pulmonary veins do?
Return blood from the right lung.
What does the inferior vena cava do?
Returns blood from the lower body.
What do the left pulmonary veins do?
Return blood from the left lung
Heart valves provide _________ blood flow.
unidirectional
What do the left and right atrioventricular valves do?
Ensure blood flow from atria into ventricles
What do the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves do?
Ensure blood flow from ventricles into arteries
What prevents blood entering the atrium from flowing back into the veins?
Pressure in the atrium is not much greater than veinous pressure.
What type of valve is the right AV valve?
Tricuspid
What type of valve is the left AV valve?
Bicuspid/mitral
What prevents eversion of AV valves?
Chordae tendineae
What muscle controls chordae tendineae/ AV valve movement?
Papillary muscle
What is the function of arteries?
Carry blood away from the heart.
Blood leaving the right side of the heart exits the ____ _________ through the ________ _______ into the lungs and is low in oxygen.
Right ventricle, pulmonary artery
Blood leaving the left side of the heart exits the ___ ______ through the _____ and is high in oxygen.
left ventricle, aorta
What is the aorta?
The primary artery leaving the heart to supply blood to the body.
The aorta is under ____ pressure and branches into ______ ______ to specific regions of the body.
high, smaller arteries
What is the brachiocephalic trunk?
The first branch from the aortic artery that supplies blood to the cranial half of the animal.
What do the left and right subclavian arteries do?
Supply blood to the neck and thoracic limbs
What do the left and right axillary arteries do?
Supply blood to thoracic limbs
What do the left and right common carotid arteries do?
Supply blood to the neck and head.
What do the internal carotid arteries do?
Supply blood to the brain.
What do the external carotid arteries do?
Supply blood to the face, tongue, and oral and nasal cavities.
When does the aorta become the thoracic aorta?
As it passes caudad and ventral to the vertebrae.
What do the pulmonary arteries do?
Supply deoxygenated blood to lungs.
The thoracic aorta gives rise to _______ _______ entering the intercostal space between ribs.
Intercostal arteries
Thoracic aorta becomes ________ _____ as it passes through the diaphragm at an opening called the ______ _______.
abdominal aorta, aortic hiatus
What does the celiac artery branch into?
The left gastric artery, splenic artery and hepatic artery
What does the left gastric artery supply blood to?
The stomach
What does the splenic artery supply blood to?
The spleen
What does the hepatic artery supply blood to?
The liver
What does the cranial mesenteric artery do?
Branches into arteries supplying blood to the small intestine and cranial part of large intestine.
What does the caudal mesenteric artery do?
Supplies blood to the caudal part of large intestine and rectum
What do the renal and gonadal arteries supply blood to?
The kidneys and gonads (testes and ovaries)
What does the external iliac arteries supply blood to?
The pelvic limbs
What do the external iliac arteries become?
The femoral artery
What do the internal iliac arteries supply blood to?
The pelvis, hip, and genitals.
The median sacral artery is continuous with what artery?
The median caudal artery
What vein is used to collect blood in cattle?
The median caudal vein
What is the function of veins?
Carry blood to the heart
Blood entering the right side of the heart enters the _____ _____ from the ___ ___ and is low in oxygen.
right atrium, vena cava
Blood entering the left side of the heart enters the ___ ____ from the _______ _____ and is high in oxygen.
left atrium, pulmonary veins
What is the function of the cranial or superior vena cava?
Collects blood from the head, neck, thoracic limbs, and thorax.
What is the function of the subclavian veins?
Drains blood from the neck and thoracic limbs
What is the function of the external jugular vein?
Drains blood from head (including the face)
What is the function of the internal jugular vein?
Drains blood from the brain
What is the function of the caudal or inferior vena cava?
Collects blood from abdominal and sub-abdominal regions (passes through the caval foramen in diaphragm)
What is a portal system?
When a vessel divides into a bed of capillaries, recombines to form another vessel, and then divides into a second capillary bed.
What is the function of a portal system?
Allows blood factors from the first capillary bed to interact with tissues at the second capillary bed, but at high concentrations without dilution in general circulation
What are the two examples of portal systems provided in the slides?
The hypothalamic-hypophysial (HH) blood portal system and the hepatic blood portal system
Describe the blood flow of hepatic blood portal system.
The first set of capillaries in the stomach, spleen, large intestine and pancreas. Blood from the gastric, splenic, mesenteric, and pancreatic veins flow into the hepatic portal vein. The hepatic portal vein divides into liver capillaries that end at sinusoids. Blood passes from sinusoids, into hepatic veins, and then vena cava.
What is the importance of the hepatic blood portal system?
It allows the liver to sample and process factors secreted and absorbed by the digestive tract.
75% of blood flow to the liver is from the ____ ____ , of which is fairly __________.
portal vein, deoxygenated
What percentage of blood is plasma?
About 55%
What percentage of blood is the cellular portion?
About 45%
What is blood?
A connective tissue that circulates through the heart, arteries, capillaries, veins, and constitutes the chief means of transport within the body.
What are the functions of blood?
Transport of gases, nutrients, hormones, heat, and waste; regulation of pH, body temperature, and water content of cells; anti-clotting and body defenses.
What are the contents of the formed elements (cellular contents of blood)?
99% red blood cells, 1% white blood cells and platelets
What is plasma?
A watery liquid containing dissolved substances
What is the buffy coat in a centrifuged, non-clotted blood sample?
The layer between plasma and red blood cells, consisting of white blood cells and platelets.
Plasm is __% water and _% solutes.
92, 8
What are the contents of plasma?
Na, K, Cl, glucose, proteins (albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen), liquid, ions, hormones, and gases
How is plasma collected?
With an anti-coagulant
What is serum?
Plasm minus clotting factors. The liquid part of blood after coagulation.
How is serum collected?
Without an anti-coagulant
What are erythrocytes?
Red blood cells
How long to red blood cells live?
About 120 days
Where are red blood cells formed?
In the bone marrow of long bones
What is the function of red blood cells?
To transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.
What are leukocytes?
White blood cells
What are the functions of white blood cells?
Combat infection and start inflammation
What are the two types of white blood cells (broad)?
Granulocytes and agranulocytes
Which of these cells contain nuclei; mature red blood cells, mature white blood cells, or platelets?
Mature white blood cells
What are thrombocytes?
Platelets
What are the functions of platelets?
To release substances that stimulate clotting and constriction of blood vessels
What are the parent cells of platelets?
Megakaryocytes
