Lab Practical 3 Flashcards
5 Features of Phylum Chordata
Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
Notochord
Pharyngeal slits
Postanal tail
Endostyle
Where is the brain expanded from?
Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
Vertebral column
found in vertebrates in addition to or replacing notochord
What is the vertebral column made of?
bone or cartilage
Another name for Subphylum Vertebrata
Subphylum Craniata
Superclass Agnatha
jawless vertebrates
Superclass Agnatha Class Myxini
hagfish; most primitive fish and vertebrate, along with close relative lamprey
How does Class Myxini eat?
use pair of rasps with teeth to scrape and pull apart food
What does Class Myxini do whenever they feed?
twist themselves in knots
How does Class Myxini move?
via tail whipping because they have no fins
How does Class Myxini deter predators?
producing slime
Superclass Agnatha Class Petromyzontida
lamprey
How does Class Petromyzontida feed?
use buccal funnel to suck in prey/blood/other fluids
How does Class Petromyzontida attach to prey?
using oral disc with rasping teeth
How does Class Petromyzontida move?
via tail whipping because they have no fins
What does Class Petromyzontida have an early version of?
vertebral column
Ammocoetes
lamprey larvae, which have all 5 chordate features, that live in sand for a few years then become ectoparasitic adults (latch onto fish, etc)
What structure did jaws derive from?
gill arches
Gill arches
bony structures that developed to support the gills of primitive fishes
The most successful, diverse, and numerous group of vertebrates
Jawed vertebrates
Evolutionary modification
modifying a bodily structure to better equip further evolved species
Subphylum Vertebrata Class Placodermi
jawed armor fish
If all of the species in Class Placodermi are extinct, how do scientists know about their existence?
fossils
What kind of skin (?) did Class Placodermi have?
either scaled or smooth depending on species
Subphylum Vertebrata Class Chondrichtyes
Cartilaginous fishes
How does Class Chondrichthyes typically find their food?
predatory behavior or scavenging
What is the skeleton of Class Chondrichthyes made of?
cartilage
Where are the red blood cells produced in Class Chondrichthyes?
spleen since they don’t have bone marrow
What shape tail does Class Chondrichthyes have?
heterocercal
Ampullae of Lorenzini
senses weak electrical fields given off by prey, located on head of Class Chondrichthyes
Lateral line
used by Class Chondrichthyes and other fishes to detect changes in vibrations and movement in surrounding water
Why does Class Chondrichthyes have increased surface area in their intestinal tract?
slows food passing so that they absorb more nutrients
Ileum
contains spiral valve; both of these increase the efficiency of digestive system in Class Chondrichthyes
Rugae
longitudinal folds in the stomach of Class Chondrichthyes that allow expansion to accommodate large meals
Subclass Elasmobranchii Superorder Batoidea
skates and rays
Subclass Elasmobranchii Superorder Selachimorpha
sharks
Subclass Holocephali
chimeras (ratfish)
Spiracles
modified gill slits in Class Chondrichthyes that open the pharynx to outside water
How many gill slits open separately to the outside in Class Chondrichthyes?
5-7
What type of reproduction does Class Chondrichthyes undergo?
most ovoviviparous
What type of scales does Class Chondrichthyes have?
Placoid (look like a ray)
How many chambers are in the heart of Class Chondrichthyes?
two; one atrium which receives blood and one ventricle which pumps blood
Subphylum Vertebrata Superclass Osteichthyes
bony fish
Superclass Osteichthyes Class Actinopterygii
ray-finned fish
What is the largest group of vertebrates?
Class Actinopterygii: ray-finned fish
Swim bladder
air sac used to adjust buoyancy
What covers the gills of Class Actinopterygii?
bony operculum
What are the dermal scales in Class Actinopterygii made of?
bone; have growth rings like trees
What shape scales are found in Class Actinopterygii?
Ctenoid, cycloid, ganoid
How many species are found in Class Actinopterygii Infraclass Holostei?
7 spp. of gars, 1 spp. bowfin
Is Infraclass Holostei more closely related to other bony fishes or sharks?
bony fishes
What is special about the spiracles found in Infraclass Holostei?
they’re reduced/vestigial
Ossified
thin layer of bone covers cartilage
What shape scales are found in Infraclass Holostei Order Lepisosteiformes?
Ganoid
What shape tail is found in Infraclass Holostei Order Lepisosteiformes?
Heterocercal
How does Order Lepisosteiformes breathe air?
using vascularized swim bladder
Where can most of the species in Order Lepisosteiformes found?
southeast US
What class and infraclass contains ~96% of all living fish species?
Class Actinopterygii Infraclass Teleostei
Why does Infraclass Teleostei have different morphologies?
need different characteristics to support unique niches
Benefit of moveable premaxilla
allows for more efficient prey capture as mouth extends out and negative pressure sucks in prey
Skeleton in Infraclass Holostei
lightly ossified
Skeleton in Infraclass Teleostei
well calcified
What shape tail is found in Infraclass Teleostei?
Homocercal
Infraclass Teleostei Order Anguilliformes
true eels
What type of feeding does Order Anguilliformes partake in?
predatory
Filiform body shape
elongated, thread-like
Infraclass Teleostei Order Cypriniformes
minnows, carp, loaches, goldfish, etc.
What shape scales are found in Order Cypriniformes?
Cycloid
Where can Order Cypriniformes typically be found?
freshwater
Weberian apparatus
bony structure that connects the auditory system (ie inner ear bones) to the swim bladder; amplifies sound waves
In what order can weberian apparatuses be found?
Order Cypriniformes
Infraclass Teleostei Order Siluriformes
catfishes
Barbels
whisker-like sensory organ with tastebuds
What covers the skin instead of scales in Order Siluriformes?
mucus for cutaneous respiration
Infraclass Teleostei Order Syngnathiformes
Seahorses, pipefish
What do the conjoined jaws in Order Syngnathiformes allow for?
ingestion of prey at close range via suction
Pros and Cons of Order Sygnathiformes
Pro: excellent camouflage, con: poor swimmer
Sexual system in Order Syngnathiformes
reverse, where the males brood and rear embryos in a pouch or on his tail until mature
Infraclass Teleostei Order Perciformes
most diverse vertebrate order
What shape scales are found in Order Perciformes?
ctenoid
What is a common body shape in Order Perciformes?
compressiform; flattened at sides, dorsal fin with anterior spines and posterior soft-rays
Infraclass Teleostei Order Tetraodontiformes
boxfish, pufferfish, triggerfish
What are some body forms in Order Tetraodontiformes?
square, globose, and compressed
Jaw bones in Order Tetraodontiformes
modified into beak with subdivided teeth
Ostraciiform swimmers
rigid bodies do not allow for lateral undulations, so propulsion achieved with fins; slow, precise movements
What are some defense mechanisms found in Order Tetraodontiformes?
Dermal scales, inflation, venom
Subphylum Vertebrata Class Sarcopterygii
Lobe-finned fish; coelacanth and lungfish
What shape tail is found in Class Sarcopterygii?
Diphycercal
Organs present in Class Sarcopterygii
bony operculum, swim bladder
Closest relative to terrestrial vertebrates
Class Sarcopterygii
Polygyny
many females
Polyandry
many males
Promiscuous
reproduce with many different mates
Monogamous
only reproduce with one mate
Protandrous
male first, change to female
Protogynous
female first, change to male
Parthenogenic
asexual reproduction
Reproductive method in many species of fish
sperm and eggs are released into water with little parental care; most have fertilization and embryonic development occurring outside the female’s body
Ways fish can be used as environmental indicators
detection of pollutants and microplastics
How do fish help detect pollutants?
fathead minnows are used tot test water quality for problematic compounds before it can be deemed safe to discharge into the waterways
How do microplastics affect fish?
microplastics are consumed by fish and can be incorporated into tissues if even digested
What type of skin is found in Class Amphibia?
soft, moist, thin epidermis
What is a downfall of the skin found in Class Amphibia?
it can make them susceptible to fungal infections
What is found in the skin of Class Amphibia?
poison glands
What type of respiratory organs are found in Class Amphibia?
lungs in adults, gills in larvae; skin can also be used
How many chambers are found in the hearts of Class Amphibia?
three; two atria, one ventricle
What type of circulatory system is found in Class Amphibia?
closed
First group of true tetrapods
Class Amphibia
What makes Class Amphibia the most imperiled vertebrate group?
they need both land and water to complete their lifecycle
Class Amphibia Order Anura
frogs and toads
Order Anura Family Ranidae
true frogs
Class Amphibia Order Caudata
salamanders and newts
Class Reptilia Order Testudines
turtles and tortoises
Class Reptilia Order Squamata
snakes, lizards, skinks
Class Reptilia Order Crocodilia
crocodiles and alligators
How does Order Anura move?
jumping
How is Order Anura able to use their locomotion?
large, muscular hind legs, fused head, no true ribs
Nictitating membrane
3rd eyelid to protect eyes; found in Order Anura and Class Aves
Typanic membrane
external eardrum; found in Order Anura
How does Order Anura catch its food?
using fast and stretchy tongue attached to the front of the mouth
Axial skeleton
skull, vertebrae
Appendicular skeleton
pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, limbs
Urostyle
fused tail vertebrae to support jumping
Atlas
first neck vertebrae after the skull (allows up and down nodding motion)
Pulmonary
delivers deoxygenated blood to the lungs to pick up O2
Systemic
delivers oxygenated blood to the body and brings deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart
How many chambers are found in the heart of amphibians?
three
What is special about the ventricle in Order Anura Family Ranidae?
incomplete so deoxygenated and oxygenated blood mix here before being pumped
Atria
collects blood before passing to the ventricle
Cloaca
common cavity for reproductive and waste products before passing out of body
Amplexus
external egg fertilization
How does Class Amphibia Order Caudata move?
walking
Skeletal structures present in Order Caudata
ribs and caudal (tail) vertebrae, all life stages
Regeneration in Order Caudata
able to regenerate tail and limbs if they are somehow lost
Paedomorphosis
retaining juvenile or larval traits
Amniotic egg
shelled (or internalized) embryo with nutrients that allows for development outside of water
Amniotes
birds, reptiles, mammals
Direct development
no larval stage
Ectothermic
rely on environment for temperature determination
Anapside
no temporal openings in the skull (turtle)
Synapsid
one pair of temporal openings in the skull (mammals)
Diapsid
two pairs of temporal openings in the skull (other reptiles, avian and non-avian)
What shape are the legs of Class Reptilia Oder Testudines?
splayed out and bent downward at knee
Carapace
top (dorsal) part of the shell
Plastron
bottom (ventral) part of the shell
Scutes
scales found on top of bone
How does Order Testudines eat?
edges of jaw form a sharp beak
Cervical vertebrae
neck
Thoracic vertebrae
chest cavity, fused to carapace
Sacral vertebrae
lower back, fused to pelvic girdle
Caudal vertebrae
tail
Smallest Order Squamata
Virgin Island Dwarf Gecko
Largest Order Squamata
Komodo Dragon
Specialized ribs in Order Crocodilia
collapsible and expandable
Strongest jaws in the Animal Kingdom
Order Crocodilia
