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Biology of Animals Lab > Lab Practical 3 > Flashcards

Lab Practical 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

5 Features of Phylum Chordata

A

Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
Notochord
Pharyngeal slits
Postanal tail
Endostyle

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2
Q

Where is the brain expanded from?

A

Dorsal, hollow nerve cord

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3
Q

Vertebral column

A

found in vertebrates in addition to or replacing notochord

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4
Q

What is the vertebral column made of?

A

bone or cartilage

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5
Q

Another name for Subphylum Vertebrata

A

Subphylum Craniata

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6
Q

Superclass Agnatha

A

jawless vertebrates

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7
Q

Superclass Agnatha Class Myxini

A

hagfish; most primitive fish and vertebrate, along with close relative lamprey

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8
Q

How does Class Myxini eat?

A

use pair of rasps with teeth to scrape and pull apart food

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9
Q

What does Class Myxini do whenever they feed?

A

twist themselves in knots

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10
Q

How does Class Myxini move?

A

via tail whipping because they have no fins

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11
Q

How does Class Myxini deter predators?

A

producing slime

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12
Q

Superclass Agnatha Class Petromyzontida

A

lamprey

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13
Q

How does Class Petromyzontida feed?

A

use buccal funnel to suck in prey/blood/other fluids

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14
Q

How does Class Petromyzontida attach to prey?

A

using oral disc with rasping teeth

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15
Q

How does Class Petromyzontida move?

A

via tail whipping because they have no fins

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16
Q

What does Class Petromyzontida have an early version of?

A

vertebral column

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17
Q

Ammocoetes

A

lamprey larvae, which have all 5 chordate features, that live in sand for a few years then become ectoparasitic adults (latch onto fish, etc)

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18
Q

What structure did jaws derive from?

A

gill arches

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19
Q

Gill arches

A

bony structures that developed to support the gills of primitive fishes

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20
Q

The most successful, diverse, and numerous group of vertebrates

A

Jawed vertebrates

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21
Q

Evolutionary modification

A

modifying a bodily structure to better equip further evolved species

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22
Q

Subphylum Vertebrata Class Placodermi

A

jawed armor fish

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23
Q

If all of the species in Class Placodermi are extinct, how do scientists know about their existence?

A

fossils

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24
Q

What kind of skin (?) did Class Placodermi have?

A

either scaled or smooth depending on species

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25
Q

Subphylum Vertebrata Class Chondrichtyes

A

Cartilaginous fishes

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26
Q

How does Class Chondrichthyes typically find their food?

A

predatory behavior or scavenging

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27
Q

What is the skeleton of Class Chondrichthyes made of?

A

cartilage

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28
Q

Where are the red blood cells produced in Class Chondrichthyes?

A

spleen since they don’t have bone marrow

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29
Q

What shape tail does Class Chondrichthyes have?

A

heterocercal

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30
Q

Ampullae of Lorenzini

A

senses weak electrical fields given off by prey, located on head of Class Chondrichthyes

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31
Q

Lateral line

A

used by Class Chondrichthyes and other fishes to detect changes in vibrations and movement in surrounding water

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32
Q

Why does Class Chondrichthyes have increased surface area in their intestinal tract?

A

slows food passing so that they absorb more nutrients

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33
Q

Ileum

A

contains spiral valve; both of these increase the efficiency of digestive system in Class Chondrichthyes

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34
Q

Rugae

A

longitudinal folds in the stomach of Class Chondrichthyes that allow expansion to accommodate large meals

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35
Q

Subclass Elasmobranchii Superorder Batoidea

A

skates and rays

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36
Q

Subclass Elasmobranchii Superorder Selachimorpha

A

sharks

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37
Q

Subclass Holocephali

A

chimeras (ratfish)

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38
Q

Spiracles

A

modified gill slits in Class Chondrichthyes that open the pharynx to outside water

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39
Q

How many gill slits open separately to the outside in Class Chondrichthyes?

A

5-7

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40
Q

What type of reproduction does Class Chondrichthyes undergo?

A

most ovoviviparous

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41
Q

What type of scales does Class Chondrichthyes have?

A

Placoid (look like a ray)

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42
Q

How many chambers are in the heart of Class Chondrichthyes?

A

two; one atrium which receives blood and one ventricle which pumps blood

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43
Q

Subphylum Vertebrata Superclass Osteichthyes

A

bony fish

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44
Q

Superclass Osteichthyes Class Actinopterygii

A

ray-finned fish

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45
Q

What is the largest group of vertebrates?

A

Class Actinopterygii: ray-finned fish

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46
Q

Swim bladder

A

air sac used to adjust buoyancy

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47
Q

What covers the gills of Class Actinopterygii?

A

bony operculum

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48
Q

What are the dermal scales in Class Actinopterygii made of?

A

bone; have growth rings like trees

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49
Q

What shape scales are found in Class Actinopterygii?

A

Ctenoid, cycloid, ganoid

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50
Q

How many species are found in Class Actinopterygii Infraclass Holostei?

A

7 spp. of gars, 1 spp. bowfin

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51
Q

Is Infraclass Holostei more closely related to other bony fishes or sharks?

A

bony fishes

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52
Q

What is special about the spiracles found in Infraclass Holostei?

A

they’re reduced/vestigial

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53
Q

Ossified

A

thin layer of bone covers cartilage

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54
Q

What shape scales are found in Infraclass Holostei Order Lepisosteiformes?

A

Ganoid

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55
Q

What shape tail is found in Infraclass Holostei Order Lepisosteiformes?

A

Heterocercal

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56
Q

How does Order Lepisosteiformes breathe air?

A

using vascularized swim bladder

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57
Q

Where can most of the species in Order Lepisosteiformes found?

A

southeast US

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58
Q

What class and infraclass contains ~96% of all living fish species?

A

Class Actinopterygii Infraclass Teleostei

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59
Q

Why does Infraclass Teleostei have different morphologies?

A

need different characteristics to support unique niches

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60
Q

Benefit of moveable premaxilla

A

allows for more efficient prey capture as mouth extends out and negative pressure sucks in prey

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61
Q

Skeleton in Infraclass Holostei

A

lightly ossified

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62
Q

Skeleton in Infraclass Teleostei

A

well calcified

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63
Q

What shape tail is found in Infraclass Teleostei?

A

Homocercal

64
Q

Infraclass Teleostei Order Anguilliformes

A

true eels

65
Q

What type of feeding does Order Anguilliformes partake in?

A

predatory

66
Q

Filiform body shape

A

elongated, thread-like

67
Q

Infraclass Teleostei Order Cypriniformes

A

minnows, carp, loaches, goldfish, etc.

68
Q

What shape scales are found in Order Cypriniformes?

A

Cycloid

69
Q

Where can Order Cypriniformes typically be found?

A

freshwater

70
Q

Weberian apparatus

A

bony structure that connects the auditory system (ie inner ear bones) to the swim bladder; amplifies sound waves

71
Q

In what order can weberian apparatuses be found?

A

Order Cypriniformes

72
Q

Infraclass Teleostei Order Siluriformes

A

catfishes

73
Q

Barbels

A

whisker-like sensory organ with tastebuds

74
Q

What covers the skin instead of scales in Order Siluriformes?

A

mucus for cutaneous respiration

75
Q

Infraclass Teleostei Order Syngnathiformes

A

Seahorses, pipefish

76
Q

What do the conjoined jaws in Order Syngnathiformes allow for?

A

ingestion of prey at close range via suction

77
Q

Pros and Cons of Order Sygnathiformes

A

Pro: excellent camouflage, con: poor swimmer

78
Q

Sexual system in Order Syngnathiformes

A

reverse, where the males brood and rear embryos in a pouch or on his tail until mature

79
Q

Infraclass Teleostei Order Perciformes

A

most diverse vertebrate order

80
Q

What shape scales are found in Order Perciformes?

A

ctenoid

81
Q

What is a common body shape in Order Perciformes?

A

compressiform; flattened at sides, dorsal fin with anterior spines and posterior soft-rays

82
Q

Infraclass Teleostei Order Tetraodontiformes

A

boxfish, pufferfish, triggerfish

83
Q

What are some body forms in Order Tetraodontiformes?

A

square, globose, and compressed

84
Q

Jaw bones in Order Tetraodontiformes

A

modified into beak with subdivided teeth

85
Q

Ostraciiform swimmers

A

rigid bodies do not allow for lateral undulations, so propulsion achieved with fins; slow, precise movements

86
Q

What are some defense mechanisms found in Order Tetraodontiformes?

A

Dermal scales, inflation, venom

87
Q

Subphylum Vertebrata Class Sarcopterygii

A

Lobe-finned fish; coelacanth and lungfish

88
Q

What shape tail is found in Class Sarcopterygii?

A

Diphycercal

89
Q

Organs present in Class Sarcopterygii

A

bony operculum, swim bladder

90
Q

Closest relative to terrestrial vertebrates

A

Class Sarcopterygii

91
Q

Polygyny

A

many females

92
Q

Polyandry

A

many males

93
Q

Promiscuous

A

reproduce with many different mates

94
Q

Monogamous

A

only reproduce with one mate

95
Q

Protandrous

A

male first, change to female

96
Q

Protogynous

A

female first, change to male

97
Q

Parthenogenic

A

asexual reproduction

98
Q

Reproductive method in many species of fish

A

sperm and eggs are released into water with little parental care; most have fertilization and embryonic development occurring outside the female’s body

99
Q

Ways fish can be used as environmental indicators

A

detection of pollutants and microplastics

100
Q

How do fish help detect pollutants?

A

fathead minnows are used tot test water quality for problematic compounds before it can be deemed safe to discharge into the waterways

101
Q

How do microplastics affect fish?

A

microplastics are consumed by fish and can be incorporated into tissues if even digested

102
Q

What type of skin is found in Class Amphibia?

A

soft, moist, thin epidermis

103
Q

What is a downfall of the skin found in Class Amphibia?

A

it can make them susceptible to fungal infections

104
Q

What is found in the skin of Class Amphibia?

A

poison glands

105
Q

What type of respiratory organs are found in Class Amphibia?

A

lungs in adults, gills in larvae; skin can also be used

106
Q

How many chambers are found in the hearts of Class Amphibia?

A

three; two atria, one ventricle

107
Q

What type of circulatory system is found in Class Amphibia?

A

closed

108
Q

First group of true tetrapods

A

Class Amphibia

109
Q

What makes Class Amphibia the most imperiled vertebrate group?

A

they need both land and water to complete their lifecycle

110
Q

Class Amphibia Order Anura

A

frogs and toads

111
Q

Order Anura Family Ranidae

A

true frogs

112
Q

Class Amphibia Order Caudata

A

salamanders and newts

113
Q

Class Reptilia Order Testudines

A

turtles and tortoises

114
Q

Class Reptilia Order Squamata

A

snakes, lizards, skinks

115
Q

Class Reptilia Order Crocodilia

A

crocodiles and alligators

116
Q

How does Order Anura move?

A

jumping

117
Q

How is Order Anura able to use their locomotion?

A

large, muscular hind legs, fused head, no true ribs

118
Q

Nictitating membrane

A

3rd eyelid to protect eyes; found in Order Anura and Class Aves

119
Q

Typanic membrane

A

external eardrum; found in Order Anura

120
Q

How does Order Anura catch its food?

A

using fast and stretchy tongue attached to the front of the mouth

121
Q

Axial skeleton

A

skull, vertebrae

122
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, limbs

123
Q

Urostyle

A

fused tail vertebrae to support jumping

124
Q

Atlas

A

first neck vertebrae after the skull (allows up and down nodding motion)

125
Q

Pulmonary

A

delivers deoxygenated blood to the lungs to pick up O2

126
Q

Systemic

A

delivers oxygenated blood to the body and brings deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart

127
Q

How many chambers are found in the heart of amphibians?

A

three

128
Q

What is special about the ventricle in Order Anura Family Ranidae?

A

incomplete so deoxygenated and oxygenated blood mix here before being pumped

129
Q

Atria

A

collects blood before passing to the ventricle

130
Q

Cloaca

A

common cavity for reproductive and waste products before passing out of body

131
Q

Amplexus

A

external egg fertilization

132
Q

How does Class Amphibia Order Caudata move?

A

walking

133
Q

Skeletal structures present in Order Caudata

A

ribs and caudal (tail) vertebrae, all life stages

134
Q

Regeneration in Order Caudata

A

able to regenerate tail and limbs if they are somehow lost

135
Q

Paedomorphosis

A

retaining juvenile or larval traits

136
Q

Amniotic egg

A

shelled (or internalized) embryo with nutrients that allows for development outside of water

137
Q

Amniotes

A

birds, reptiles, mammals

138
Q

Direct development

A

no larval stage

139
Q

Ectothermic

A

rely on environment for temperature determination

140
Q

Anapside

A

no temporal openings in the skull (turtle)

141
Q

Synapsid

A

one pair of temporal openings in the skull (mammals)

142
Q

Diapsid

A

two pairs of temporal openings in the skull (other reptiles, avian and non-avian)

143
Q

What shape are the legs of Class Reptilia Oder Testudines?

A

splayed out and bent downward at knee

144
Q

Carapace

A

top (dorsal) part of the shell

145
Q

Plastron

A

bottom (ventral) part of the shell

146
Q

Scutes

A

scales found on top of bone

147
Q

How does Order Testudines eat?

A

edges of jaw form a sharp beak

148
Q

Cervical vertebrae

A

neck

149
Q

Thoracic vertebrae

A

chest cavity, fused to carapace

150
Q

Sacral vertebrae

A

lower back, fused to pelvic girdle

151
Q

Caudal vertebrae

A

tail

152
Q

Smallest Order Squamata

A

Virgin Island Dwarf Gecko

153
Q

Largest Order Squamata

A

Komodo Dragon

154
Q

Specialized ribs in Order Crocodilia

A

collapsible and expandable

155
Q

Strongest jaws in the Animal Kingdom

A

Order Crocodilia

Biology of Animals Lab (5 decks)

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