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Biology of Animals Lab > Lab Practical 2 > Flashcards

Lab Practical 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What kind of symmetry does Phylum Mollusca have?

A

bilateral

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2
Q

What kind of coelom does Phylum Mollusca have?

A

coelomate

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3
Q

Name the four main morphological features in Phylum Mollusca.

A

shell, mantle, muscular foot, visceral mass

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4
Q

What animals does Mollusca Bivalvia include?

A

clams, oysters, mussels, scallops

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5
Q

Where are Mollusca Bivalvia found?

A

marine and freshwater

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6
Q

How do Mollusca Bivalvia feed?

A

filter feeding

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7
Q

How is the shell of Mollusca Bivalvia formed?

A

from the mantle

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8
Q

What is the shell of Mollusca Bivalvia made of?

A

calcium carbonate (CaCO3)

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9
Q

What type of digestive system does Mollusca Bivalvia have?

A

complete

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10
Q

What type of circulatory system does Mollusca Bivalvia have?

A

open

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11
Q

How many chambers does the heart of Mollusca Bivalvia have?

A

three

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12
Q

True/False: Mollusca Bivalvia have true eyes, containing retina, lens, and cornea.

A

true

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13
Q

Analogous structure

A

structure that has the same function but different construction and was not inherited from a common ancestor

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14
Q

Homologous structure

A

structure that has different mature dorms in different organisms but develop from the same embryonic tissues

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15
Q

Are Mollusca Bivalvia dioecious or monoecious?

A

dioecious

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16
Q

What type of fertilization do freshwater Mollusca Bivalvia undergo?

A

internal

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17
Q

What type of fertilization do marine Mollusca Bivalvia undergo?

A

external

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18
Q

Glochidium

A

a parasitic larval stage that some Mollusca Bivalvia undergo

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19
Q

During glochidium, where do the larvae nest within the host?

A

fish gills, skin, or fins

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20
Q

What animals does Mollusca Gastropoda include?

A

snails, slugs, whelks, limpets, conchs, nudibranchs

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21
Q

Where can Mollusca Gastropoda be found?

A

freshwater, marine, terrestrial

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22
Q

What is torsion in Mollusca Gastropoda

A

the anus twists up and sits next to the mouth of the organism

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23
Q

What is the advantage of torsion?

A

animals are able to draw vulnerable head into body cavity without anus getting in the way

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24
Q

What is the disadvantage of torsion?

A

fouling (feces contaminates food and breathing)

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25
Q

What is the reproductive system of Mollusca Gastropoda like?

A

monoecious or dioecious, but always reproduce sexually

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26
Q

What kind of circulatory system does Mollusca Gastropoda have?

A

open

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27
Q

What kind of digestive system does Mollusca Gastropoda have?

A

complete

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28
Q

Radula

A

mouth with rasping teeth used by Mollusca Gastropoda and Cephalopoda to scrape food into mouth

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29
Q

What is the diet go Mollusca Gastropoda?

A

mostly herbivorous

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30
Q

What animals does Mollusca Cephalopoda include?

A

squid, cuttlefish, octopuses, Nautilus

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31
Q

Where can Mollusca Cephalopoda be found?

A

marine

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32
Q

What is the diet of Mollusca Cephalopoda?

A

predatory carnivore

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33
Q

What is a unique body feature that Mollusca Cephalopoda has?

A

chitinous beak

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34
Q

What kind of shell do Nautilus have?

A

gas-filled shell used to determine buoyancy

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35
Q

What kind of shell do cuttlefish have?

A

cuttlebone (internal)

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36
Q

What kind of shell do squids have?

A

pen (internal)

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37
Q

True/False: Octopuses have an internal shell.

A

False

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38
Q

What kind of digestive system does Mollusca Cephalopoda have?

A

complete

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39
Q

What do the tentacles of Mollusca Cephalopoda do?

A

grasp prey and direct it into mouth

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40
Q

What do the suckers of Mollusca Cephalopoda do?

A

hold onto prey

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41
Q

What does the beak of Mollusca Cephalopoda do?

A

tear prey apart

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42
Q

What is the reproductive system of Mollusca Cephalopoda like?

A

dioecious

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43
Q

Hectocotylus

A

a modified arm used by male Mollusca Cephalopoda to transfer sperm to female

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44
Q

How does Mollusca Cephalopoda move around?

A

jet propulsion

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45
Q

Jet propulsion

A

fill mantle cavity with water, close mantle, and force water out of siphon

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46
Q

Ink glands

A

evasion technique used by Mollusca Cephalopoda

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47
Q

What kind of circulatory system does Mollusca Cephalopoda have?

A

closed

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48
Q

How many hearts does Mollusca Cephalopoda have?

A

two branchial and one systemic

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49
Q

What is interesting about the eyes in Mollusca Cephalopoda?

A

human-like eyes, but no blind spot

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50
Q

Chromatophores

A

pigment cells that change the color of an organism, allowing it to camouflage

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51
Q

How does Mollusca Cephalopoda communicate?

A

movements and visual cues using chromatophores

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52
Q

Convergent evolution

A

the independent evolution of similar (analogous) features in different lineages

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53
Q

Ganglia

A

nerve centers connected by nerve cords in Mollusca Cephalopoda

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54
Q

What kind of symmetry does Phylum Annelida have?

A

bilateral

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55
Q

What kind of circulatory system does Phylum Annelida have?

A

closed

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56
Q

Setae

A

small hair-like structure for locomotion in Phylum Annelida

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57
Q

Metamerism

A

having repeated body segments

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58
Q

Lophotrochozoans

A

grow continuously when conditions are good

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59
Q

Where can Phylum Annelida Class Polycheata be found?

A

marine

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60
Q

What kind of movement does Annelida Polycheata experience?

A

motile or sedentary

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61
Q

Parapodia

A

paddle-like appendages on each segment from which setae extend

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62
Q

What does parapodia in Annelida Polycheata do?

A

helps with respiration and locomotion

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63
Q

What is parapodia modified to do in tube worms?

A

serve as gills, circulate water through tube, and filter feed via secreted mucus

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64
Q

Clitellum

A

reproductive structure in Annelida Clitellata that aids in sperm transfer and cocoon formation for eggs

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65
Q

Where can Class Clitellata Subclass Oligochaeta be found?

A

freshwater and moist terrestrial

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66
Q

What is the genus of earthworms?

A

Lumbricus

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67
Q

How do earthworms move?

A

alternating contractions of longitudinal and circular muscles

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68
Q

What divides coelom into halves in earthworms?

A

Mesentery

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69
Q

Peritoneum

A

membrane enclosing the coelom

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70
Q

What kind of reproduction do earthworms have?

A

monoecious

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71
Q

What do earthworms feed on?

A

detritus and vegetation

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72
Q

What are the stages of earthworm digestive system?

A

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, intestine, anus

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73
Q

What animals does Clitellata Hirudinea have?

A

leeches and relatives

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74
Q

Where can Clitellata Hirudinea be found?

A

mostly freshwater (few terrestrial and marine)

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75
Q

What kind of feeding do Clitellata Hirudinea do?

A

carnivorous or ectoparasitic

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76
Q

What is the strong pharynx in Clitellata Hirudinea used for?

A

sucking fluids

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76
Q

What is the strong proboscis in Clitellata Hirudinea used for?

A

penetrating host’s skin

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77
Q

What are the suckers in Clitellata Hirudinea used for?

A

attachment to host

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78
Q

What kind of symmetry does Phylum Arthropoda have?

A

bilateral

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79
Q

What kind of coelom does Phylum Arthropoda have?

A

coelomate

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80
Q

Hemolymph

A

blood in hemocoel in arthropoda

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81
Q

What is the exoskeleton of Arthropoda made of?

A

chitin

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82
Q

Ecdysis

A

shedding/molting of exoskeleton to grow

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83
Q

Tagmata

A

fused body segments in Arthropoda

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84
Q

What kind of circulatory system do Arthropoda have?

A

open

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85
Q

In which subphylum are all members extinct?

A

Trilobitomorpha

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86
Q

What was the size range for Subphylum Trilobitomorpha?

A

1-75 cm

87
Q

What do Subphylum Chelicerata use to grasp and tear food?

A

chelicerae

88
Q

What two body regions does Chelicerata have?

A

Cephalothorax, Opisthosoma

89
Q

What two regions do Chelicerata not have?

A

mandibles and antennae

90
Q

Cephalothorax

A

fused head and thorax

91
Q

Another word for Cephalothorax

A

prosoma

92
Q

Opisthosoma

A

abdomen

93
Q

What is the class and genus of horseshoe crabs?

A

Class Merostomata Genus Limulus

94
Q

What are the six pairs of appendages in horseshoe crabs?

A

chelicerae, pedipalps, and 4 pairs walking legs

95
Q

Chelicerae

A

detect and manipulate food

96
Q

Pedipalps

A

used by males to clasp onto females during copulation

97
Q

Telson

A

tail spine used to flip horseshoe crab upright

98
Q

What do horseshoe crabs use for respiration?

A

book gills

99
Q

What kind of circulatory system do horseshoe crabs have?

A

open

100
Q

What is used for oxygen transport in blood cells instead of hemoglobin in horseshoe crabs?

A

copper-based hemocyanin

101
Q

What color is hemocyanin?

A

blue-green

102
Q

Where can Subphylum Chelicerata Class Arachnida be found?

A

most terrestrial, few aquatic

103
Q

How does feeding work for Chelicerata Arachnida?

A

consume liquified prey after external digestion by powerful enzymes

104
Q

What are the modified chelicerae used for in Arachnida?

A

fangs for venom injection

105
Q

What do Arachnida use for respiration?

A

book lungs

106
Q

What are the body regions of Arachnida?

A

Cephalothorax, Pedipalps, 4 pairs walking legs, spinnerets, book lungs

107
Q

What joins the cephalothorax and abdomen in Arachnida?

A

slender pedicel

108
Q

What is used to grasp prey and transfer sperm in Arachnida?

A

pedipalps

109
Q

How many segments are on each leg in Arachnida?

A

7

110
Q

Spinnerets

A

used to produce silk for web

111
Q

Book lungs

A

air moves into spiracles and moves between thin, blood-filled folds where gas exchange occurs across the this tissue

112
Q

Subphylum Myriapoda Class Chilopoda

A

Centipede

113
Q

Subphylum Myriapoda Class Diplopoda

A

Millipede

114
Q

How many pairs of appendages per segment in a centipede?

A

1

115
Q

How many pairs of appendages per segment in a millipede?

A

2

116
Q

Is a centipede an herbivore or carnivore?

A

carnivore

117
Q

Is a millipede an herbivore or carnivore?

A

herbivore

118
Q

Do centipedes or millipedes have a pair of appendages modified to become fangs?

A

centipedes

119
Q

What are the body regions of centipedes and millipedes?

A

head, trunk, 1 pair antennae

120
Q

What is a defense mechanism used by millipedes?

A

scent glands produce foul odor to ward off predators

121
Q

Where can Subphylum Crustacea be found?

A

primarily aquatic, some terrestrial

122
Q

How do Crustacea respirate?

A

gills

123
Q

How many pairs of antennae do Crustacea have?

A

2

124
Q

How many pairs of maxillae do Crustacea have?

A

2

125
Q

Maxillae

A

upper jaw

126
Q

What animals does Subphylum Crustacea Class Malacostraca have?

A

crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, krill

127
Q

Biramous

A

two-branched appendages

128
Q

What kind of appendages do Malacostraca have?

A

biramous

129
Q

What covers the cephalothorax in crayfish?

A

carapace

130
Q

What is the class and genus of crayfish?

A

Class Malacostraca Genus Cambarus

131
Q

How many abdominal segments do crayfish have?

A

6 (first 5 with swimmerettes)

132
Q

What are used to distinguish sexes in crayfish?

A

swimmerettes

133
Q

Another name for Class Branchiopoda Genus Daphnia?

A

water flea

134
Q

What is a water flea?

A

microscopic chordate

135
Q

What is a common use for water fleas?

A

water quality indicator; used for ecotoxicology studies

136
Q

What is the most diverse and successful group of animals?

A

Class Insecta

137
Q

In what subphylum can Class Insects be found?

A

Hexapoda

138
Q

What percentage of all named species are insects?

A

> 50%

139
Q

What do insects use for respiration?

A

tracheal tubes and spiracles

140
Q

What does the waxy cuticle do for insects?

A

prevents desiccation (drying out)

141
Q

uniramous

A

unbranched appendages

142
Q

What are the three tagmata in insects?

A

head, thorax, abdomen

143
Q

What are the four main appendages in the head region of insects?

A

antennae, mandibles, maxillae, labium

144
Q

labium

A

bibbed lower lip

145
Q

What are the three uniramous segments in the thorax region of insects?

A

prothorax (legs), mesothorax (legs and leathery forewings), metathorax (legs and membranous hindwings)

146
Q

Where can Phylum Echinodermata be found?

A

marine

147
Q

What kind of symmetry does Phylum Echinodermata have?

A

adults pent-radial, larvae bilateral

148
Q

What is the endoskeleton of Echinodermata made of?

A

calcium carbonate ossicles under epidermis

149
Q

What organ does Echinodermata not have?

A

brain

150
Q

What does Echinodermata use for respiration?

A

dermal branchiae

151
Q

Dermal branchiae

A

projections of the coelom that help with respiration and waste removal

152
Q

What kind of coelom does Echinodermata have?

A

coelomate

153
Q

Water Vascular System

A

system of tubules throughout the body that power tube feet

154
Q

Madreporite

A

porous structure for entrance of water into water vascular system

155
Q

Tube feet

A

aid in locomotion, prey capture, respiration, and excretion

156
Q

Protostome

A

mouth forms from blastopore before the anus

157
Q

Deuterostome

A

anus forms from blastopore before the mouth

158
Q

What animals are in Phylum Echinodermata Class Crinoidea?

A

sea lilies, feather stars

159
Q

Ambulacral grooves

A

lined with large spines with tube feet suckers

160
Q

What kind of ambulacral grooves does Echinodermata Crinoidea have?

A

open

161
Q

What kind of feeding does Echinodermata Crinoidea do?

A

filter feed

162
Q

How does Echinodermata Crinoidea filter feed?

A

secreting mucus along arms to capture prey

163
Q

What two organelles are absent in Echinodermata Crinoidea?

A

madreporite, pedicellariae

164
Q

What are the body regions of Echinodermata Crinoidea?

A

stalk, calyx, 10 arms

165
Q

What animal does Echinodermata Ophiuroidea include?

A

brittle stars

166
Q

How does Echinodermata Ophiuroidea feed?

A

filter feeding or active predators

167
Q

What kind of reproductive system does Echinodermata Ophiuroidea have?

A

dioecious

168
Q

How does Echinodermata Ophiuroidea move?

A

use arms (distinct from central disc) to crawl

169
Q

Where is the madreporite located on Echinodermata Ophiuroidea?

A

near the mouth

170
Q

What kind of digestive system does Echinodermata Ophiuroidea have?

A

incomplete

171
Q

What animals are found in Phylum Echinodermata Class Echinoidea?

A

sea urchins, sand dollars, sea biscuits, and relatives

172
Q

How does Echinodermata Echinoidea move?

A

spines (some venomous) which work on a ball-and-socket joint and tube feet

173
Q

What encases the body of Echinodermata Echinoidea?

A

globose shell

174
Q

What is the globose shell made out of?

A

ossicle plates, forming test

175
Q

Test

A

another term for globose shell

176
Q

What type of ambulacral grooves does Echinodermata Echinoidea have?

A

closed

177
Q

How does Echinodermata Echinoidea clean itself?

A

pedicellariae

178
Q

What structures does Echinodermata Echinoidea use to respirate?

A

peristomial gills, dermal branchiae, tube feet

179
Q

Where is the madreporite located on Echinodermata Echinoidea?

A

anal surface opposite of mouth

180
Q

How does Echinodermata Echinoidea feed?

A

herbivorous or detritivorous

181
Q

Aristotle’s Lantern

A

five-part jaw structure with teeth in Echinodermata Echinoidea

182
Q

Detritivorous

A

eating plant, algae, organic material on rocks or in sediment

183
Q

Buccal podia

A

structure surrounding the mouth of Echinodermata Echinoidea that aids in sensing chemical stimuli

184
Q

What kind of reproduction does Echinodermata Echinoidea undergo?

A

dioecious

185
Q

What animals are found in Phylum Echinodermata Class Asteroidea?

A

sea stars

186
Q

What kind of ambulacral grooves does Echinodermata Asteroidea have?

A

open, along each arm

187
Q

Is pedicellariae present in Echinodermata Asteroidea?

A

yes

188
Q

Where are the anus and madreporite found in Echinodermata Asteroidea?

A

dorsal surface opposite of mouth

189
Q

How does Echinodermata Asteroidea move?

A

tube feet contract, sending water into ampullae

190
Q

What kind of feeding do Echinodermata Asteroidea do?

A

active predator

191
Q

Cardiac stomach

A

dissolves prey before consumption

192
Q

Pyloric stomach

A

nutrient absorption

193
Q

What nervous system structures are present in Echinodermata Asteroidea?

A

nerve ring, radial nerves, eyespots

194
Q

What kind of reproduction does Echinodermata Asteroidea undergo?

A

dioecious

195
Q

What animals are found in Phylum Echinodermata Class Holothuroidea?

A

sea cucumbers

196
Q

Ossicles on Echinodermata Holothuroidea

A

microscopic and reduced on long, leathery body

197
Q

Where is the madreporite found in Echinodermata Holothuroidea?

A

internally

198
Q

What type of ambulacral grooves does Echinodermata Holothuroidea have?

A

closed

199
Q

What surrounds to mouth of Echinodermata Holothuroidea?

A

tentacles

200
Q

What is a defense mechanism used by Echinodermata Holothuroidea?

A

eviscerating internal organs

201
Q

What kind of feeding does Echinodermata Holothuroidea do?

A

filter feeding or detritivores

202
Q

How does Echinodermata Holothuroidea respirate?

A

two-branched respiratory tree

203
Q

How does Echinodermata Holothuroidea respirate?

A

two-branched respiratory tree

204
Q

What type of reproduction does Echinodermata Holothuroidea undergo?

A

dioecious

205
Q

What kind of symmetry does Phylum Chordata have?

A

bilateral

206
Q

Five chordate characteristics

A

dorsal, hollow nerve cord
notochord
pharyngeal gill slits
postanal tail
endostyle

207
Q

Dorsal, hollow nerve cord (DHNC)

A

nerve cord and brain within a fluid-filled cavity

208
Q

Notochord

A

cartilage-like slender rod of connective tissue for support and muscle attachment (in vertebrates, only present in embryonic stage then replaced by vertebral column)

209
Q

Pharyngeal gill slits

A

paired slits in the pharynx for passage of water (only in embryonic stage in certain species; slits develop into ear, throat, and cranial structures in certain organisms)

210
Q

Postanal tail

A

may or may not persist in adults

211
Q

Endostyle

A

becomes the thyroid gland in certain organisms

212
Q

What genus is found in Phylum Chordata Subphylum Cephalochordata?

A

Amphioxus

213
Q

Where is Chordata Cephalochordata found?

A

marine

214
Q

Amphioxus

A

move water into mouth where it passes through wheel organ and pharyngeal slits to filter food out and then water is released through atriopore

215
Q

What animals are found in Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata?

A

tunicates and sea squirts

216
Q

Tunic

A

tough, fibrous body coating

Biology of Animals Lab (5 decks)

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