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Bio 2020 > Lab Practical 2 > Flashcards

Lab Practical 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

meissner’s corpuscle

A

(tactile corpuscle) responds to light touch

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2
Q

pacinian corpuscle

A

(lamellated corpuscle) responds to vibration

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3
Q

free nerve endings

A

respond to temperature and mechanical stimuli (touch, pressure, stretch) or danger (nociception). Work as thermoreceptors, cutaneous mechanoreceptors and nociceptors.

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4
Q

Ruffini’s corpuscle

A

responds to pressure

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5
Q

sense of smell is called…

A

Olfaction

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6
Q

sense of taste is called…

A

gustation

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7
Q

orbicularis oculi (action)

A

closes eye

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8
Q

orbicularis oculi (innervation)

A

facial nerve (VII)

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9
Q

superior rectus (action)

A

rotates eyeball superiorly and medially

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10
Q

superior rectus (innervation)

A

oculomotor nerve (III)

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11
Q

inferior rectus (action)

A

rotates eyeball inferiorly and medially

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12
Q

inferior rectus (innervation)

A

oculomotor nerve (III)

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13
Q

medial rectus (action)

A

rotates eyeball medially

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14
Q

medial rectus (innervation)

A

oculomotor nerve (III)

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15
Q

lateral rectus (action)

A

rotates eyeball medially

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16
Q

lateral rectus (innervation)

A

abducens nerve (VI)

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17
Q

superior oblique (action)

A

rotates eyeball inferiorly and laterally

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18
Q

superior oblique (innervation)

A

trochlear nerve (IV)

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19
Q

inferior oblique (action)

A

rotates eyeball superiorly and laterally

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20
Q

inferior oblique (innervation)

A

oculomotor nerve (III)

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21
Q

ciliary muscles (action)

A

relaxes suspensory ligaments

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22
Q

ciliary muscles (innervation)

A

oculomotor nerve (III) and parasympathetic fibers

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23
Q

the 3 auditory ausicles

A

malleus (hammer)
incus (anvil)
stapes (stirrup)

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24
Q

general senses do not include

A

vision

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25
Q

sensory adaptation

A

receptors are continuously stimulated and sensations may fade away

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26
Q

encapsulated nerve endings include

A

tactile (meissner’s) corpuscles

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27
Q

what is a lamellated corpuscle stimulated by?

A

deep pressure

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28
Q

what do free nerve endings function as?

A

pain, warm, and cold receptors

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29
Q

true or false: lamellated corpuscles are located in the epidermis of the skin

A

false

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30
Q

what are nociceptors stimulated by?

A

tissue damage

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31
Q

responsible for the sense of light touch

A

tactile (meissner’s) corpuscle

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32
Q

responsible for the sense of deep pressure

A

lamellated (pacinian) corpuscle

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33
Q

what senses are widely distributed sensory receptors throughout the body associated with?

A

general senses

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34
Q

where are receptor cells for the sense of taste located?

A

mouth, tongue, pharynx

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35
Q

where does olfactory interpretation take place in the brain?

A

frontal and temporal lobes of the cerebrum

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36
Q

NOT a recognized taste

A

mint

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37
Q

where in the cerebrum does taste interpretation take place?

A

insula

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38
Q

sour sensations are produced by what?

A

acids

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39
Q

bitter sensations are produced by what?

A

alkaloids

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40
Q

sweet sensations are produced by what?

A

sugars

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41
Q

salty sensations are produced by what?

A

ionized inorganic salts

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42
Q

umami sensations are produced by what?

A

glutamate

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43
Q

which nerves conduct impulses from taste receptors to the brain?

A

facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus

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44
Q

the axons of olfactory receptors pass through small openings in the

A

cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

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45
Q

the distal ends of the olfactory neurons are covered in hairlike

A

cilia

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46
Q

where is taste interpreted?

A

insula of the cerebrum

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47
Q

what is a taste pore?

A

the opening if a taste bud

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48
Q

what is the sensitive part of a taste cell?

A

the hairs

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49
Q

outer layer of the eye

A

cornea and sclera

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50
Q

cones

A

allow us to see color and bright light (blue, green, red)

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51
Q

where does the perception of vision occur?

A

occipital lobe

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52
Q

middle layer of eye (vascular tunic) is composed of the…

A

choroid, ciliary body, retina

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53
Q

area of the eye where vision is the sharpest

A

fovea centralis

54
Q

where do tears from the lacrimal gland eventually flow through?

A

a nasolacrimal duct, into the nasal cavity

55
Q

iris

A

controls light entering the eye

56
Q

lacrimal gland

A

secretes tears

57
Q

retina

A

contains visual receptors: rods and cones

58
Q

suspensory ligament

A

connects lens to ciliary body

59
Q

ciliary muscles

A

cause lens to change shape

60
Q

order in which light passes

A 
cornea
aqueous humor
lens
vitreous humor
retina
61
Q

rods

A

help us see dim light (black and white)

62
Q

normal vision is called…

A

emmetropia

63
Q

myopia

A

(nearsightedness) need glasses to see from far; eyeball is too long

64
Q

hyperopia

A

(farsightedness) need glasses to see from close; eyeball is too short

65
Q

which lens type can correct myopia?

A

concave

66
Q

which lens can correct hyperopia?

A

convex

67
Q

accommodation

A

focusing on a near object, then looking at distant object

68
Q

as a person ages, the elasticity of the lens…

A

decreases

69
Q

what is visual acuity measured by?

A

snellen eye chart

70
Q

what percentage of males does color blindness affect?

A

7%

71
Q

where is the blind spot located?

A

optic disc

72
Q

what does astigmatism result from?

A

defect in the curvature of the cornea or lens

73
Q

percentage of females that color blindness affects

A

4%

74
Q

color blindness is _____ linked and affected by ____

A

sex, cones

75
Q

color blindness is the inability to see which 2 colors?

A

red and green

76
Q

the optic nerve leaves the eye (back of the retina)

A

blind spot

77
Q

conjunctiva function

A

lines the eyelids and sclera, lubricates outer layer of the eye

78
Q

lacrimal gland function

A

secrete tears

79
Q

outer (fibrous) layer (tunic)

A

sclera, cornea

80
Q

middle (vascular) layer (tunic)

A

choroid, ciliary body, iris

81
Q

inner layer (tunic)

A

retina, optic nerve

82
Q

sclera functions

A

Gives the eye shape and helps protect delicate inner parts

83
Q

cornea functions

A

refracts light and helps it to focus

84
Q

choroid function

A

Nourishes the retina and assists with absorption of light to prevent its scattering within the eye

85
Q

ciliary body function

A

attaches to the edges of the lens

86
Q

pupil function

A

allows light to enter and strike the retina

87
Q

retina function

A

contains the photoreceptors, here the energy of light is converted into electrical nerve impulses

88
Q

lens function

A

Performs accommodation (focusing)

89
Q

hearing is interpreted in the…

A

temporal lobe

90
Q

the middle ear bones articulate from tympanic membrane to oval window in what order?

A

malleus, incus, stapes

91
Q

deafness test

A

Rinne test

92
Q

the cochlear nerve serves as the ____ of the vestibulocochlear nerve

A

hearing branch

93
Q

outer ear structures

A 
auricle (pinna)
external acoustic meatus
tympanic membrane (eardrum)
94
Q

middle ear structures

A 
tympanic cavity
auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)
oval window
round window
pharyngotympanic tube
95
Q

inner ear structures

A 
cochlea
scala vestibuli
scala tympani 
scala media 
spiral organ of corti
semircular ducts 
vestibule 
cochlear nerve
96
Q

the sense organs associated with equilibrium are within the?

A

inner ear

97
Q

2 types of equilibrium

A

static, dynamic

98
Q

static equilibrium

A

balancing ourselves; side to side, forward and back

99
Q

what structures are responsible for static equilibrium?

A

vestibule consisting of the utricle, maculae, and saccule

100
Q

what structure is responsible for dynamic equilibrium?

A

semicircular ducts

101
Q

dynamic equilibrium

A

when we turn and spin around

102
Q

the semicircular ducts are filled with….

A

fluid and are responsible for detecting changes in motion

103
Q

which nerve conducts impulses associated with equilibrium?

A

vestibulocochlear nerve

104
Q

impulses associated with equilibrium have destinations in the ….

A

cerebellum and brainstem

105
Q

pathway of sound vibrations

A 
pinna (auricle)
external acoustic meatus 
tympanic membrane (ear drum)
malleus
incus
stapes
oval window 
eustachian tube
cochlea
auditory nerve fibers
vestibule
semicircular canals
106
Q

auricle (pinna) function

A

irects sound waves down auditory canal

107
Q

external acoustic meatus function

A

starts vibrations of sound waves, and directs them towards tympanic membrane

108
Q

tympanic membrane function

A

vibrates when hit by sound waves and passes vibrations to middle ear

109
Q

auditory ossicles function

A

three tiny bones, transmit and amplify vibrations

110
Q

malleus function

A

connected to tympanic membrane

111
Q

incus function

A

connects malleus to stapes

112
Q

stapes function

A

connects incus to the oval window

113
Q

oval window function

A

entrance to the inner ear

vibrates and causes waves in fluid in inner ear

114
Q

round window function

A

absorbs pressure waves

115
Q

cochlea function

A

carries waves and converts waves into nerve impulses

116
Q

spiral organ of corti function

A

contains hair cells that transmit sound vibrations to the nerve fibers

117
Q

cataracts

A

light is not able to get through the retina

118
Q

eyelid (palpebra) function

A

anterior protection of eye

119
Q

canaliculi function

A

passageways to lacrimal sac

120
Q

lacrimal sac function

A

collects tears from cannaliculi

121
Q

nasolacrimal duct function

A

drainage to nasal cavity

122
Q

ciliary processes function

A

secrete aqueous humor

123
Q

What muscles change lens shape?

A

Ciliary

124
Q

What holds lens into position?

A

suspensory ligaments

125
Q

changes pupil diameter

A

Iris

126
Q

Opening in center of iris that allows light passage

A

pupil

127
Q

sensory layer with rods and cones

A

retina

128
Q

where optic nerve leaves the eye

A

optic disc

129
Q

focuses light onto retina

A

lens

130
Q

clear, watery fluid that fills anterior and posterior chambers and pupil

A

aqueous humor

131
Q

transparent gel-like filler; posterior cavity

A

vitreous humor

Bio 2020 (5 decks)

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