Lab Practical 2 Flashcards
meissner’s corpuscle
(tactile corpuscle) responds to light touch
pacinian corpuscle
(lamellated corpuscle) responds to vibration
free nerve endings
respond to temperature and mechanical stimuli (touch, pressure, stretch) or danger (nociception). Work as thermoreceptors, cutaneous mechanoreceptors and nociceptors.
Ruffini’s corpuscle
responds to pressure
sense of smell is called…
Olfaction
sense of taste is called…
gustation
orbicularis oculi (action)
closes eye
orbicularis oculi (innervation)
facial nerve (VII)
superior rectus (action)
rotates eyeball superiorly and medially
superior rectus (innervation)
oculomotor nerve (III)
inferior rectus (action)
rotates eyeball inferiorly and medially
inferior rectus (innervation)
oculomotor nerve (III)
medial rectus (action)
rotates eyeball medially
medial rectus (innervation)
oculomotor nerve (III)
lateral rectus (action)
rotates eyeball medially
lateral rectus (innervation)
abducens nerve (VI)
superior oblique (action)
rotates eyeball inferiorly and laterally
superior oblique (innervation)
trochlear nerve (IV)
inferior oblique (action)
rotates eyeball superiorly and laterally
inferior oblique (innervation)
oculomotor nerve (III)
ciliary muscles (action)
relaxes suspensory ligaments
ciliary muscles (innervation)
oculomotor nerve (III) and parasympathetic fibers
the 3 auditory ausicles
malleus (hammer)
incus (anvil)
stapes (stirrup)
general senses do not include
vision
sensory adaptation
receptors are continuously stimulated and sensations may fade away
encapsulated nerve endings include
tactile (meissner’s) corpuscles
what is a lamellated corpuscle stimulated by?
deep pressure
what do free nerve endings function as?
pain, warm, and cold receptors
true or false: lamellated corpuscles are located in the epidermis of the skin
false
what are nociceptors stimulated by?
tissue damage
responsible for the sense of light touch
tactile (meissner’s) corpuscle
responsible for the sense of deep pressure
lamellated (pacinian) corpuscle
what senses are widely distributed sensory receptors throughout the body associated with?
general senses
where are receptor cells for the sense of taste located?
mouth, tongue, pharynx
where does olfactory interpretation take place in the brain?
frontal and temporal lobes of the cerebrum
NOT a recognized taste
mint
where in the cerebrum does taste interpretation take place?
insula
sour sensations are produced by what?
acids
bitter sensations are produced by what?
alkaloids
sweet sensations are produced by what?
sugars
salty sensations are produced by what?
ionized inorganic salts
umami sensations are produced by what?
glutamate
which nerves conduct impulses from taste receptors to the brain?
facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus
the axons of olfactory receptors pass through small openings in the
cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
the distal ends of the olfactory neurons are covered in hairlike
cilia
where is taste interpreted?
insula of the cerebrum
what is a taste pore?
the opening if a taste bud
what is the sensitive part of a taste cell?
the hairs
outer layer of the eye
cornea and sclera
cones
allow us to see color and bright light (blue, green, red)
where does the perception of vision occur?
occipital lobe
middle layer of eye (vascular tunic) is composed of the…
choroid, ciliary body, retina
area of the eye where vision is the sharpest
fovea centralis
where do tears from the lacrimal gland eventually flow through?
a nasolacrimal duct, into the nasal cavity
iris
controls light entering the eye
lacrimal gland
secretes tears
retina
contains visual receptors: rods and cones
suspensory ligament
connects lens to ciliary body
ciliary muscles
cause lens to change shape
order in which light passes
cornea aqueous humor lens vitreous humor retina
rods
help us see dim light (black and white)
normal vision is called…
emmetropia
myopia
(nearsightedness) need glasses to see from far; eyeball is too long
hyperopia
(farsightedness) need glasses to see from close; eyeball is too short
which lens type can correct myopia?
concave
which lens can correct hyperopia?
convex
accommodation
focusing on a near object, then looking at distant object
as a person ages, the elasticity of the lens…
decreases
what is visual acuity measured by?
snellen eye chart
what percentage of males does color blindness affect?
7%
where is the blind spot located?
optic disc
what does astigmatism result from?
defect in the curvature of the cornea or lens
percentage of females that color blindness affects
4%
color blindness is _____ linked and affected by ____
sex, cones
color blindness is the inability to see which 2 colors?
red and green
the optic nerve leaves the eye (back of the retina)
blind spot
conjunctiva function
lines the eyelids and sclera, lubricates outer layer of the eye
lacrimal gland function
secrete tears
outer (fibrous) layer (tunic)
sclera, cornea
middle (vascular) layer (tunic)
choroid, ciliary body, iris
inner layer (tunic)
retina, optic nerve
sclera functions
Gives the eye shape and helps protect delicate inner parts
cornea functions
refracts light and helps it to focus
choroid function
Nourishes the retina and assists with absorption of light to prevent its scattering within the eye
ciliary body function
attaches to the edges of the lens
pupil function
allows light to enter and strike the retina
retina function
contains the photoreceptors, here the energy of light is converted into electrical nerve impulses
lens function
Performs accommodation (focusing)
hearing is interpreted in the…
temporal lobe
the middle ear bones articulate from tympanic membrane to oval window in what order?
malleus, incus, stapes
deafness test
Rinne test
the cochlear nerve serves as the ____ of the vestibulocochlear nerve
hearing branch
outer ear structures
auricle (pinna) external acoustic meatus tympanic membrane (eardrum)
middle ear structures
tympanic cavity auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) oval window round window pharyngotympanic tube
inner ear structures
cochlea scala vestibuli scala tympani scala media spiral organ of corti semircular ducts vestibule cochlear nerve
the sense organs associated with equilibrium are within the?
inner ear
2 types of equilibrium
static, dynamic
static equilibrium
balancing ourselves; side to side, forward and back
what structures are responsible for static equilibrium?
vestibule consisting of the utricle, maculae, and saccule
what structure is responsible for dynamic equilibrium?
semicircular ducts
dynamic equilibrium
when we turn and spin around
the semicircular ducts are filled with….
fluid and are responsible for detecting changes in motion
which nerve conducts impulses associated with equilibrium?
vestibulocochlear nerve
impulses associated with equilibrium have destinations in the ….
cerebellum and brainstem
pathway of sound vibrations
pinna (auricle) external acoustic meatus tympanic membrane (ear drum) malleus incus stapes oval window eustachian tube cochlea auditory nerve fibers vestibule semicircular canals
auricle (pinna) function
irects sound waves down auditory canal
external acoustic meatus function
starts vibrations of sound waves, and directs them towards tympanic membrane
tympanic membrane function
vibrates when hit by sound waves and passes vibrations to middle ear
auditory ossicles function
three tiny bones, transmit and amplify vibrations
malleus function
connected to tympanic membrane
incus function
connects malleus to stapes
stapes function
connects incus to the oval window
oval window function
entrance to the inner ear
vibrates and causes waves in fluid in inner ear
round window function
absorbs pressure waves
cochlea function
carries waves and converts waves into nerve impulses
spiral organ of corti function
contains hair cells that transmit sound vibrations to the nerve fibers
cataracts
light is not able to get through the retina
eyelid (palpebra) function
anterior protection of eye
canaliculi function
passageways to lacrimal sac
lacrimal sac function
collects tears from cannaliculi
nasolacrimal duct function
drainage to nasal cavity
ciliary processes function
secrete aqueous humor
What muscles change lens shape?
Ciliary
What holds lens into position?
suspensory ligaments
changes pupil diameter
Iris
Opening in center of iris that allows light passage
pupil
sensory layer with rods and cones
retina
where optic nerve leaves the eye
optic disc
focuses light onto retina
lens
clear, watery fluid that fills anterior and posterior chambers and pupil
aqueous humor
transparent gel-like filler; posterior cavity
vitreous humor
