Lab Exam 2 (Review) Flashcards
Meissner’s corpuscle sensation
(tactile copuscle); responds to light touch
Pacinian corpuscle sensation
(lamllated corpuscle); responds to vibration and pressure
Free nerve endings include…
- thermoreceptors
- mechanoreceptors
- nociceptors
Free nerve endings sensation
respond to temperature and mechanical stimuli (touch, pressure, stretch)
nociceptors sensation
tissue damage
Ruffini’s corpuscle sensation
respond to skin stretch
olfaction
sense of smell
gustation
sense of taste
receptors that deal with taste and smell
chemoreceptors
types of taste
sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami
location of taste receptor cells
tongue, mouth, pharynx
Olfactory interpretation centers
temporal and frontal lobe
taste interpretation
insula
nerves that conduct impulses related to the sense of taste
facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus
3 layers of the eye
- outer (fibrous)
- middle (vascular)
- inner
outer (fibrous) layer structures
cornea, sclera
middle (vascular) layer structures
choroid, ciliary body, iris
inner layer component
retina
eyelid (palpebra) function
protection
conjunctiva function
lubrication
lacrimal gland function
secretes tears
sclera function
covers and protects
cornea function
bends light, focuses it on the retina
layers of retina
pigmented layer, neural layer
pigmented layer function
helps absorb light
neural layer components
neurons, photoreceptors
ciliary muscles function
change lens shape
choroid function
nourishes the retina
ciliary body function
controls shape and curvature of lens
iris function
smooth muscle, controls the entry of light
pupil function
lets light into the back of the eye
retina function
converts light into nerve impulses (contains photoreceptors)
fovea centralis function
detailed and colored vision (sharpness & visual acuity)
lens function
performs accommodation (focusing)
aqueous humor function
maintains eye shape
photoreceptors
rods, cones
rods
more numerous, black & white, dim light
cones
fine detail & color
- red, green, blue sensitive types
- bright light
perception of vision
occipital lobe
Order of light entering the eye
- cornea
- pupil
- iris
- lens
- retina
orbicularis oculi action
closes eye
orbicularis oculi innervation
facial nerve
Superior rectus action
rotates eyeball superiorly and medially
Superior rectus innervation
oculmotor nerve
Inferior rectus action
rotates eyeball inferiorly and medially
Inferior rectus innervation
oculomotor nerve
Medial rectus action
rotates eyeball medially
Medial rectus innervation
oculomotor nerve
Lateral rectus action
rotates eyeball medially
Lateral rectus innervation
abducens nerve
Superior oblique action
rotates eyeball inferiorly and laterally
Superior oblique innervation
trochlear nerve
Inferior oblique action
rotates eyeball superiorly and laterally
Inferior oblique innervation
oculomotor nerve
Ciliary muscles action
relaxes suspensory ligaments
Ciliary muscles innervation
oculomotor nerve & parasympathetic fibers
Emmetropia
normal vision
Hyperopia
far-sightedness
(need glasses to see close)
short eyeball
Lenses that correct hyperopia
convex
Myopia
near-sightedness
(need glasses to see far)
long eyeball
lenses that correct myopia
concave
astigmatism
defect in the curvature of the cornea or lens
cataracts
light is not able to get through the retina
color blindness is ____ linked
sex
color blindness affects ___% of males
7
color blindness affects ___% of females
4
color blindness is the inability to see which two colors?
red and green
Color blindness is affected by…
cones
Parts of ear
- external
- middle
- inner
the external and middle ear are involved only with…
hearing
the inner ear is involved with both…
hearing and equilibrium
External ear components
- auricle (pinna)
- external acoustic meatus
- tympanic membrane (eardrum)
Middle ear components
- tympanic cavity
- auditory ossicles
- oval window
- round window
- pharyngotympanic (eustachian) tube
Inner ear components
- cochlea
- scala vestibuli
- scala tympani
- scala media
- spiral organ of corti
- hair cells
- basilar membrane
- vestibular membrane
- tectorial membrane
- semicircular ducts/canals
- vestibule
Hearing is interpreted in the…
temporal lobe
Order of sound traveling down the ear…
- ) pinna (auricle)
- ) external acoustic meatus
- ) tympanic membrane (eardrum)
- ) auditory ossicles
- ) oval window
- ) cochlea
- ) basilar membrane
- ) hair cells
- ) auditory nerve
- ) brain
sounds create…
vibrations
sound vibrations beat against the…
eardrum
the vibrations on the eardrum push the…
ossicles
the ossicles move…
internal fluid against the membrane
Steps of sound vibrations
- ) vibrations beat against the eardrum
- ) this pushes the ossicles that move internal fluid against the membrane
- ) this triggers tiny hair cells that stimulate neurons
- ) action potentials are sent to the brain for sound interpretation
The cochlea is filled with…
fluid; and it contains the organ of corti
Steps of sound
- ) sound waves enter the outer ear and travel down the external acoustic meatus
- ) the sound waves cause the tympanic membrane (eardrum) to vibrate, and the vibrations are sent to the auditory ossicles
- ) the auditory ossicles amplify the sound vibrations and send them to the cochlea (filled with fluid)
- ) once the vibrations cause the fluid inside the cochlea to ripple, a traveling wave forms along the basilar membrane
- ) hair cells ride the wave
basilar membrane has a
short and long side
short and stiff side of basilar membrane detects…
high frequency
long and loose side of basilar membrane detects…
low frequency
pinna (auricle) function
catches sound waves
external acoustic meatus (ear canal) function
directs sound to the middle ear
tympanic membrane (eardrum) function
captures sounds and sends them down to the malleus (hammer)
auditory ossicles function
transmit sound waves from the eardrum to the inner ear
pharyngotympanic (eustachian) tube function
evens out air pressure in the eardrum
cochlea function
(lined with tiny hairs, filled with fluids, contains the organ of corti)
-transforms vibrations into a neural signal
Scala vestibuli function
perilymph filled cavity, conducts sound vibrations to the cochlear duct
spiral organ of corti function
receives vibrations from the cochlear duct , and relays them to the auditory nerve fibers and to the brain… to be heard and interpreted
hair cells function
sensory receptors of the ear, detect sound and head motion
part of ear responsible for equilibrium
inner ear
2 types of equilibrium
static, dynamic
Static equilibrium
side to side, front and back motion
structures responsible for static equilibrium
utricle, saccule, maculae (vestibule)
Dynamic equilibrium
turn, spin around
structures responsible for dynamic equilibrium
semicircular canals/ducts
Equilibrium uses…
- combination of fluid and hair cells
- fluid is controlled by head movement
- hair cells sense the motion of fluid
