Lab practical #2

Question 1

The essentials to a reflex mechanism are

Answer 1

receptor organ and effector organ and some type of communications network

Question 2

Innate

Answer 2

the appropriate response to the stimulus has been built into the nervous system

Question 3

Result of pupillary reflex

Answer 3

after shining the flashlight, the pupil constricts or contracts

Question 4

Consensual reflex

Answer 4

normally a light that is directed into one eye produces pupil constriction in both eyes

Question 5

What happens to pupil size when the sphincter muscles of the iris contract?

Answer 5

Pupil size decreases (constricts)

Question 6

What happens to pupil size when the dilator muscles of the iris contract?

Answer 6

Pupil size increases (dilates)

Question 7

Pupil Accomodation

Answer 7

The pupils constrict when looking at a near object and dilate when looking at a far object

Question 8

Lens Accomodation

Answer 8

When an individual looks at a near object, the ciliary muscles will contract and when an individual looks at a far object, the ciliary muscles will relax

Question 9

Convergence in Accommodation

Answer 9

When an individual shifts their focus from a far object to a near object, the eyes will converge to keep the image focused

Question 10

Jendrassik’s Maneuver

Answer 10

used in a medical setting to elicit a change in response in tendon reflex activity by forcing the individual to focus their attention on their arms (by pulling outward) rather than their leg (where the reflex is occurring)

Question 11

Achilles reflex results

Answer 11

the contraction of the gastrocnemius muscle should cause plantar flexion of the foot

Question 12

Biceps and Triceps reflex

Answer 12

you cannot contract the bicep and tricep muscles at the same time, they are antagonistic muscles; bicep muscles relax while tricep muscles contract when pushing down on the table and vice versa when pushing up on the table

Question 13

Ciliospinal reflex

Answer 13

response mediated over the sympathetic nervous system in response to a painful stimulus; when pinching the left side of the back of the neck, the left pupil dilates and the right pupil remains the same

Question 14

Babinski reflex

Answer 14

indicative of dorsiflexion (flexed upward)

Question 15

Nystagmus

Answer 15

if the canals are stimulated under experimental conditions, reflex response results in a movement of the eyes called nystagmus

Question 16

Rotary nystagmus fast phase vs slow phase

Answer 16

fast phase = same direction of movement, slow phase = opposite

Question 17

Post-rotary fast phase vs slow phase

Answer 17

Fast phase = opposite direction of movement, slow phase = same direction

Question 18

What types of movement is the anterior semicircular canal stimulated by?

Answer 18

stimulated during actions that cause the head to tilt upside down, such as a backflip

Question 19

What types of movement is the posterior semicircular canal stimulated by?

Answer 19

stimulated during actions that cause the head to tilt towards the side such as a cartwheel

Question 20

What types of movement is the lateral semicircular canal stimulated by?

Answer 20

stimulated by actions that cause side-to-side movement, such as spinning in a circle

Question 21

Proprioception and spatial orientation

Answer 21

Connected, it is harder to orient your body with your eyes closed

Question 22

Mechanoreceptors

Answer 22

Various specialized sensory receptors located in specific areas of the skin

Question 23

Receptive Fields

Answer 23

allow us to identify a stimulus on the body and react to it accordingly

Question 24

Two-point threshold

Answer 24

the smallest distance at which two points of contact can be felt

Question 25

Sensory Adaptation

Answer 25

if a stimulus is applied for a prolonged period of time without movement, the rate of acceleration receptor discharge will slow, and conscious awareness of the stimuli will decline or is lost

Question 26

Weber Test

Answer 26

Conductive Deafness: lateralization in poorer ear
Nerve Deafness: Lateralization to the better ear
* tests for nerve deafness

Question 27

Rinne Test

Answer 27

Conductive Deafness: Sound perceived as long or longer by bone conduction
Nerve Deafness: sound perceived longer by air conduction
* tests for conduction deafness

Question 28

Myopia

Answer 28

an individual’s inability to focus light properly on the retina resulting in nearsigntedness
**individuals are prescribed glasses with concave lenses to create sharper distant vision

Question 29

Presbyopia

Answer 29

A loss of near-focusing ability
**individuals are prescribed glasses with convex lenses to correct for the loss of lens elasticity

Question 30

Blind spot (optic disc)

Answer 30

an area on the retina where the optic nerve and blood vessels enter and leave the retina and there are no rods and cones for visual reception

Question 31

Where is the blind spot located

Answer 31

the nasal side on the retina and the temporal side in the visual field

Question 32

What does 70/50 mean?

Answer 32

you can see something from 70 feet away, but the normal eye can see it from 50 feet away, so your vision is above average

Question 33

Red wavelength

Answer 33

560nm

Question 34

Blue wavelength

Answer 34

420nm

Question 35

Green color wavelength

Answer 35

530 nm

Question 36

On which chromosome is the color blindness gene found?

Answer 36

X chromosome

Question 37

Is color blindness more common in males or females?

Answer 37

males