Lab practical 2 Flashcards
Name the organ labelled A
Larynx (Thyroid cartilage)
Name the organ labelled B
Trachea
Name the organ labelled C
Right Lung
Name the organ labelled D
Left Lung
Name the organ labelled E
Heart
Name the organ labelled F
Diaphragm
Name the organ labelled G
Liver
Name the organ labelled H
Stomach
Name the organ labelled I
Transverse Colon
Name the organ labelled J
Small Intestine
Name the organ labelled K
Sigmoid Colon
Name the structure labelled A
Urinary bladder
Name the structure labelled B
Urethra
Name the structure labelled G
Testis
Name the structure labelled C
Vas (ductus) deferens
Name the structure labelled D
Spermatic cord
Name the structure labelled E
Penis
Name the structure labelled F
Epididymis
Name the structure labelled H
Scrotum
Which measurement is shown labelled A?
Tidal Volume
Which measurement is shown labelled B?
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
Which measurement is shown labelled C?
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
Which measurement is shown labelled D?
Residual Volume (RV)
Which measurement is shown labelled E?
Vital Capacity (VC)
Which measurement is shown labelled F?
Inspiratory capacity (IC)
Which measurement is shown labelled G?
functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
Which measurement is shown labelled H?
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
What is the formula for calculating Inspiratory Capacity? (IC)
IC= TV + IRV
(Tidal Volume plus Inspiratory reserve volume)
What is the formula for calculating Vital Capacity (VC)?
VC = TV + IRV + ERV
(Tidal Volume + Inspiratory reserve volume + Expiratory Reserve Volume)
What is the formula for calculating Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) ?
FRC = ERV + RV
(Expiratory reserve volume + Residual Volume)
How do we calculate Residual Volume?
We don’t, we use average values for males and females respectively
What is the Average Residual Volume for a Female?
1.1L
What is the Average Residual Volume for a male?
1.2L
Why can’t RV be measured with a spirometer?
The residual volume is the only lung volume that cannot be measured directly because it is impossible to completely empty the lung of air.
What is the formula for calculating Total Lung Capacity (TLC)?
Total Lung Capacity = TV + IRV + ERV + RV
or = VC + RV
What is Tidal Volume?
Amount of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle of quiet breathing
What is average expected tidal volume ?
500ml
What is Inspriratory Reserve Volume?
Amount of air in excess of Tidal Volume that can be inhaled with maximum effort
What is average Inspiratory Reserve volume?
3000ml
What is Expiratory Reserve Volume?
amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can be exhaled with maximum effort
What is average Expiratory Reserve Volume?
1200mL
What is Residual Volume?
Amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration; the amlount that can never be voluntarily exhaled
What is Vital Capacity?
The amount of air that can be inhaled and exhaled with maximum effort; the deepest possible breath
What is Inspiratory Capacity?
Maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal expiration
What is functional residual capacity?
Amount of air remaining in the lungs after normal tidal expiration
What is total lung capacity?
Maximum am ount of air the lungs can contain
Wht is average TLC?
6L
What is the item pictured?
Air Tubing for spirometry
What is the item pictured?
Bacterial filter for spirometry
What is the item pictured?
Cardboard mouthpiece for spirometry
What is the item pictured?
Flow head for spirometry
Which part of airflow tubing should be nearest the cardboard mouthpiece/test subject?
Grooved tube marked red
How do you read TV on iworx?
Place the first cursor in the trough before inhalation and the second cursor at the peak
how do you read IRV on the iworx program?
Place one cursor on the peak of normal breath prior to the maximum inhalation. and the second cursor on the peak of the forced breath cycle
How do you read ERV on iworx?
Place the first cursor in the trough before the maximum inhalation and the second cursor on the flatline after the maximum exhalation
In the below formulas for predicted vital capacity, what do the H and A stand for?
Female: (0.118872 x H) - (0.000252 x A2 ) - 3.598
Male: (0.148 x H) - (0.025 x B) - 4.2421
Height in inches
Age
What is the formula for calculating the FEV1 /FVC ratio?
FEV1/FVC x 100
What is the FEV1 of subject A?
2.5
What is the FEV1 of subject B?
2
What is the FVC for subject A?
4L
What is the FVC for subject B?
2.5L
What should an FEV1/FVC ratio be?
>75%
What should % of FVC is normal
>80%
What is the tissue pictured?
Lung tissue
What is the structure labelled A?
Simple squamous epithelium of lungs
What is the structure labelled B?
Alveoli of lungs
What is the tissue slide pictured?
Trachea tissue
What is the structure labelled A?
Submucosal Seromucous glands
What is the structure labelled B?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelial (ciliated)
What is the structure labelled C?
Cilia
What is the structure labelled D?
Lumen
What is the structure labelled E?
Hyaline cartilage
What is the structure labelled A?
Uterus
What is the structure labelled B?
Ovary
What is the structure labelled C?
Urinary Bladder
What is the structure labelled D?
Vagina
What is the structure labelled E?
Urethra
Name the structure labelled 1 ?
Larynx (thyroid cartilage)
Name the structure labelled 2 ?
Trachea
Name the structure labelled 3 ?
Lungs
Name the structure labelled 4 ?
Esophagus
Name the structure labelled 5 ?
Liver
Name the structure labelled 6 ?
Gall bladder
Name the structure labelled 7 ?
Spleen
Name the structure labelled 8 ?
stomach
Name the structure labelled 9 ?
Pancreas
Name the structure labelled 10 ?
duodenim
Name the structure labelled 11 ?
Kidney
Name the structure labelled 12 ?
Transverse colon
Name the structure labelled 13 ?
Ureters
Name the structure labelled 14 ?
Ascending colon
Name the structure labelled 15 ?
Cecum
Name the structure labelled 16 ?
Appendix
Name the structure labelled 17 ?
Jejunum
Name the structure labelled 18 ?
Ileum
Name the structure labelled 19 ?
Descending colon
Name the structure labelled 20?
sigmoid colon
Hi there!
Name the structure labelled 21 ?
Ovary
Name the structure labelled 22 ?
Uterus
What is the structure numbered 1?
Lungs
What is the structure numbered 2?
Trachea
What is the structure numbered 3?
diaphragm
What is the structure numbered 4?
Larynx
What is the structure numbered 4a?
Epiglottis
What is the structure numbered 5?
Greater omentum
What is the structure labelled 6?
Liver
What is the structure labelled 7?
Gall Bladder
What is the structure coloured Blue?
Stomach
What is the colored structure?
Duodenim
What is the colored structure?
Small intestine
What is the colored structure?
Ileum
What is the colored structure?
ascending colon
What is the colored structure?
transverse colon
What is the colored structure?
descending colon
What is the colored structure?
Sigmoid Colon
What is the colored structure?
Spleen
What is the colored structure?
Mesentery
What is the colored structure?
Pancreas
What is the colored structure?
Appendix (Vermiform)
What is the colored structure?
Caecum
What is the colored structure?
Esophagus
What are the structures labelled 20?
Kidneys
What is the structure labelled 21?
Ureters
What is the structure labelled 22?
Urinary bladder
What is the colored structure?
Male urethra
What are the structures labelled 32?
Ovaries
what is the structure labelled 29?
Spermatic cord
What is the colored structure?
Scrotal Sac (scrotum)
What is the colored structure?
Testis
What is the colored structure?
Vas (ductus) deferens
What is the colored structure?
an excuse to behave like a dick
(so Jennie must have one!)
What is the colored structure?
Epididymus
What is the colored structure?
Vagina
What is the colored structure?
Uterus
What is the colored structure?
Urethra
What is the structure labelled 5?
Lungs
What is the structure labelled 6?
Gall bladder
What is the structure labelled 7?
Liver
What is the structure labelled 8?
Small intestine
What is the structure labelled 9?
Trachea
What is the structure labelled 16?
diaphragm
What is the structure labelled 17?
Stomach
What is the structure labelled 18?
Greater Omentum
What is the structure labelled 14?
Vagina
What is the structure labelled 13?
Uterus
What is the structure labelled 3?
Ovary
What is the structure labelled 1?
Kidney
What is the structure labelled 4?
Ureter
What is the structure labelled 5?
Urinary Bladder
What is the structure labelled 6?
Urethra
What are the structures labelled 11 & 22?
Testis
What is the structure labelled 19?
Vas (ductus) deferens
What is the structure labelled 10?
Penis
What is the structure labelled 21?
Spermatic cord
What is emulsification?
Emulsification is the mechanical process of breaking lipids into smaller droplets of fat
What kind of digestion is emulsification?
Mechanical digestion
Name the emulsifier used in the lipid digestion experiment
Bile salts
What is the function of a bile salt?
physically break up the lipids (mechanical digestion) into smaller droplets which provides more surface area for lipases to then break down the lipids chemically
What materials are needed to test the effect of bile salts on emulsification of a lipid?
- 2% Bile salt solution
- Vegetable oil – lipid
- Distilled water
- Two 2 ml microcentrifuge tubes
- Disposable droppers
In which tube has emulsification occurred and why?
Test tube 2
Small drops of fat were present in Test Tube 2 indicating emulsification had taken place
The attached photo shows the following vials (Lipid digestion experiment)
A: cream, H20
B: Cream, H20, Bile
C Cream, Bile, Lipase
Which shows the most complete digestion, and why?
Vial C
BECAUSE IT CONTAINS ALL NECESSARY REAGENTS FOR COMPLETE DIGESTION (LIPASE, BILE, CREAM)
Which PH indicator was used in the lipid digestion experiment?
Bromothymol Blue
WhatPH does the blue vial indicate when bromothymol blue is used?
PH of >7 because fatty acids are present
(Yes, fatty acids are BASIC bitches!)
What PH does the yellow vial indicate when Bromothymol is present?
PH <7 indicating lack of fatty acids (digestion has taken place)
What is pancreatic lipase?
an enzyme produced by the pancreatic acinar cells and chemically digests triglycerides
What is the role of bile in digestion of lipids using lipase?
The bile begins the process by emulsifying the fat
The smaller droplets resulting have a greater surface area for catabolism by the lipase
what is Amylase?
Amylase is a digestive enzyme produced by salivary glands and the pancreas.
It breaks dietary starches (polysaccharides) down into more simple sugars (disaccharides and monosaccharides)
What is Lugol’s solution?
It is a test for starch.
Purple/ black is positive for starch and progressively lighter as less starch is present.
Each vial contains varying concentrations of starch, amylase, and Lugol’s solution. In which vial is digestion of starch most complete and why?
F,
Test Tube F indicated the most complete digestion due to its pale purple color.
Which substrate, enzymes and reagent were used in the digestion of starch experiment?
substrate: starch solution
enzymes: Amylase
Reagent: Lugol’s solution
The three vials pictured have Biuret’s reagent in them. Which one is negative for protein and why?
A- white indicates the vial is negative for protein
The three vials pictured have Biuret’s reagent in them. Which one is positive for protein and why?
B- because the purple colouring
The three vials pictured have Biuret’s reagent in them. Which one indicates protein digestion has occured and why?
C - the pink colour indicates the presence of shorter peptides indicating pepsin has broken down the albumin
Why do we use both pepsin and Hcl when demonstrating digestion of proteins.
Pepsin is most active in the presence of acid, as in the stomach. Thus mimicking digestion more accurately
Name the organ tissue pictured
Liver tissue
Name the cells labelled B
Sinusoids/Hepatocytes
Name the structure labelled C
Central Vein
Name the organ tissue
Pancreas
Name the structure labelled E
Pancreatic islets of langerhans
What is the function of the pancreatic islets of langerhans?
Endocrine function (insulin and glucagon)
What are the cells labelled g?
Pancreatic Acini
What is the function of pancreatic Acini?
Exocrine function (Enzymes for digestion)
Name the organ tissue
Esophagus
Name the cells labelled P
stratified squamous epithelium
Name the organ tissue
Duodenim
Name the cells labelled R?
Simple columnar epithelium/villi
Name the organ tissue
Uterus
Name the layer labelled T
Endometrium
Name the layer labelled U
Myometrium
Name the cell labelled V
Head of Sperm
List the four layers of the GI tract from most superficial to deep
- SEROSA (ADVENTITIA)
- MUSCULARIS EXTERNA
- SUBMUCOSA
- MUCOSA
Name the organ tissue
Ovary
Name the structures labelled J
Ovarian follicles
Name the cell labelled K
Oocyte
Name the organ tissue
Testis
Name the structure labelled M
Seminiferous tubules
Name the cells labeled N
Leydig (interstitial) cells
What type of urine sediment is pictured?
Cells
What type of urine sediment is pictured?
Mucus threads
What type of urine sediment is pictured?
Casts
What type of urine sediment is pictured?
Casts
What type of urine sediment is pictured?
Casts
What type of urine sediment is pictured?
Casts
What type of urine sediment is pictured?
Crystals
What type of urine sediment is pictured?
crystals
What type of urine sediment is pictured?
Crystals
What type of urine sediment is pictured?
Crystals
What type of urine sediment is pictured?
crystals
What type of urine sediment is pictured?
crystals
What type of urine sediment is pictured?
crystals
What type of urine sediment is pictured?
Crystals
What is turbidity?
visual quality based on clarity of solution.
What could cloudy (turbid) urine indicate?
abnormal urine contents such as protein, salts, cells and cellular contents
What is specific gravity?
density of a fluid as compared to distilled water;
What can specific gravity be an indicator of?
The osmolarity of a fluid
What is urine sediment?
microscopic solids that collects at the bottom of a centrifuged urine sample;
What is the normal ramge for specific gravity of urine?
1.010 -1.025
What is the normal PH range of urine?
4.5-8
What is the usual colour of urine?
Light yellow to dark yellow
How do we find the correction factor when calculating specific gravity?
Use the hydrometer to measure the specific gravity of distilled water as a base line.
If the gravity is above or below exacty 1.000, you correct your urine reading by the same number
Which organ tissue is shown?
Kidney
What is the structure labelledA?
Glomerular (bowmans) capsule
What is the structure labelled B?
Glomerulus
What is the structure labelled C?
Renal tubule
What is the structure labelled A?
Bladder
What is the structure labelled B?
Urethra
What is the structure labelled C?
Penis
What is the structure labelled D?
Epididymis
What is the structure labelled E?
Testes
What is the structure labelled F?
Prostate
What is the structure labelled G?
Seminal Vesicle
What is the structure labelled H?
Vas Deferens
What is the structure labelled I?
Ovary
What is the structure labelled J?
Uterus
What is the structure labelled K?
Cervix
What is the structure labelled L?
Bladder
What is the structure labelled M?
Urethral opening
What is the structure labelled N?
Vaginal opening
