Lab practical 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the organ labelled A

A

Larynx (Thyroid cartilage)

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2
Q

Name the organ labelled B

A

Trachea

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3
Q

Name the organ labelled C

A

Right Lung

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4
Q

Name the organ labelled D

A

Left Lung

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5
Q

Name the organ labelled E

A

Heart

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6
Q

Name the organ labelled F

A

Diaphragm

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7
Q

Name the organ labelled G

A

Liver

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8
Q

Name the organ labelled H

A

Stomach

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9
Q

Name the organ labelled I

A

Transverse Colon

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10
Q

Name the organ labelled J

A

Small Intestine

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11
Q

Name the organ labelled K

A

Sigmoid Colon

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12
Q

Name the structure labelled A

A

Urinary bladder

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13
Q

Name the structure labelled B

A

Urethra

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14
Q

Name the structure labelled G

A

Testis

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15
Q

Name the structure labelled C

A

Vas (ductus) deferens

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16
Q

Name the structure labelled D

A

Spermatic cord

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17
Q

Name the structure labelled E

A

Penis

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18
Q

Name the structure labelled F

A

Epididymis

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19
Q

Name the structure labelled H

A

Scrotum

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20
Q

Which measurement is shown labelled A?

A

Tidal Volume

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21
Q

Which measurement is shown labelled B?

A

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

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22
Q

Which measurement is shown labelled C?

A

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

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23
Q

Which measurement is shown labelled D?

A

Residual Volume (RV)

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24
Q

Which measurement is shown labelled E?

A

Vital Capacity (VC)

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25
Q

Which measurement is shown labelled F?

A

Inspiratory capacity (IC)

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26
Q

Which measurement is shown labelled G?

A

functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

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27
Q

Which measurement is shown labelled H?

A

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

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28
Q

What is the formula for calculating Inspiratory Capacity? (IC)

A

IC= TV + IRV

(Tidal Volume plus Inspiratory reserve volume)

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29
Q

What is the formula for calculating Vital Capacity (VC)?

A

VC = TV + IRV + ERV

(Tidal Volume + Inspiratory reserve volume + Expiratory Reserve Volume)

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30
Q

What is the formula for calculating Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) ?

A

FRC = ERV + RV

(Expiratory reserve volume + Residual Volume)

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31
Q

How do we calculate Residual Volume?

A

We don’t, we use average values for males and females respectively

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32
Q

What is the Average Residual Volume for a Female?

A

1.1L

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33
Q

What is the Average Residual Volume for a male?

A

1.2L

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34
Q

Why can’t RV be measured with a spirometer?

A

The residual volume is the only lung volume that cannot be measured directly because it is impossible to completely empty the lung of air.

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35
Q

What is the formula for calculating Total Lung Capacity (TLC)?

A

Total Lung Capacity = TV + IRV + ERV + RV

or = VC + RV

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36
Q

What is Tidal Volume?

A

Amount of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle of quiet breathing

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37
Q

What is average expected tidal volume ?

A

500ml

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38
Q

What is Inspriratory Reserve Volume?

A

Amount of air in excess of Tidal Volume that can be inhaled with maximum effort

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39
Q

What is average Inspiratory Reserve volume?

A

3000ml

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40
Q

What is Expiratory Reserve Volume?

A

amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can be exhaled with maximum effort

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41
Q

What is average Expiratory Reserve Volume?

A

1200mL

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42
Q

What is Residual Volume?

A

Amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration; the amlount that can never be voluntarily exhaled

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43
Q

What is Vital Capacity?

A

The amount of air that can be inhaled and exhaled with maximum effort; the deepest possible breath

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44
Q

What is Inspiratory Capacity?

A

Maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal expiration

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45
Q

What is functional residual capacity?

A

Amount of air remaining in the lungs after normal tidal expiration

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46
Q

What is total lung capacity?

A

Maximum am ount of air the lungs can contain

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47
Q

Wht is average TLC?

A

6L

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48
Q

What is the item pictured?

A

Air Tubing for spirometry

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49
Q

What is the item pictured?

A

Bacterial filter for spirometry

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50
Q

What is the item pictured?

A

Cardboard mouthpiece for spirometry

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51
Q

What is the item pictured?

A

Flow head for spirometry

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52
Q

Which part of airflow tubing should be nearest the cardboard mouthpiece/test subject?

A

Grooved tube marked red

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53
Q

How do you read TV on iworx?

A

Place the first cursor in the trough before inhalation and the second cursor at the peak

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54
Q

how do you read IRV on the iworx program?

A

Place one cursor on the peak of normal breath prior to the maximum inhalation. and the second cursor on the peak of the forced breath cycle

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55
Q

How do you read ERV on iworx?

A

Place the first cursor in the trough before the maximum inhalation and the second cursor on the flatline after the maximum exhalation

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56
Q

In the below formulas for predicted vital capacity, what do the H and A stand for?

Female: (0.118872 x H) - (0.000252 x A2 ) - 3.598

Male: (0.148 x H) - (0.025 x B) - 4.2421

A

Height in inches

Age

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57
Q

What is the formula for calculating the FEV1 /FVC ratio?

A

FEV1/FVC x 100

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58
Q

What is the FEV1 of subject A?

A

2.5

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59
Q

What is the FEV1 of subject B?

A

2

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60
Q

What is the FVC for subject A?

A

4L

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61
Q

What is the FVC for subject B?

A

2.5L

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62
Q

What should an FEV1/FVC ratio be?

A

>75%

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63
Q

What should % of FVC is normal

A

>80%

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64
Q

What is the tissue pictured?

A

Lung tissue

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65
Q

What is the structure labelled A?

A

Simple squamous epithelium of lungs

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66
Q

What is the structure labelled B?

A

Alveoli of lungs

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67
Q

What is the tissue slide pictured?

A

Trachea tissue

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68
Q

What is the structure labelled A?

A

Submucosal Seromucous glands

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69
Q

What is the structure labelled B?

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelial (ciliated)

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70
Q

What is the structure labelled C?

A

Cilia

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71
Q

What is the structure labelled D?

A

Lumen

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72
Q

What is the structure labelled E?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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73
Q

What is the structure labelled A?

A

Uterus

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74
Q

What is the structure labelled B?

A

Ovary

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75
Q

What is the structure labelled C?

A

Urinary Bladder

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76
Q

What is the structure labelled D?

A

Vagina

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77
Q

What is the structure labelled E?

A

Urethra

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78
Q

Name the structure labelled 1 ?

A

Larynx (thyroid cartilage)

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79
Q

Name the structure labelled 2 ?

A

Trachea

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80
Q

Name the structure labelled 3 ?

A

Lungs

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81
Q

Name the structure labelled 4 ?

A

Esophagus

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82
Q

Name the structure labelled 5 ?

A

Liver

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83
Q

Name the structure labelled 6 ?

A

Gall bladder

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84
Q

Name the structure labelled 7 ?

A

Spleen

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85
Q

Name the structure labelled 8 ?

A

stomach

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86
Q

Name the structure labelled 9 ?

A

Pancreas

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87
Q

Name the structure labelled 10 ?

A

duodenim

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88
Q

Name the structure labelled 11 ?

A

Kidney

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89
Q

Name the structure labelled 12 ?

A

Transverse colon

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90
Q

Name the structure labelled 13 ?

A

Ureters

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91
Q

Name the structure labelled 14 ?

A

Ascending colon

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92
Q

Name the structure labelled 15 ?

A

Cecum

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93
Q

Name the structure labelled 16 ?

A

Appendix

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94
Q

Name the structure labelled 17 ?

A

Jejunum

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95
Q

Name the structure labelled 18 ?

A

Ileum

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96
Q

Name the structure labelled 19 ?

A

Descending colon

97
Q

Name the structure labelled 20?

A

sigmoid colon

98
Q
A

Hi there!

99
Q

Name the structure labelled 21 ?

A

Ovary

100
Q

Name the structure labelled 22 ?

A

Uterus

101
Q

What is the structure numbered 1?

A

Lungs

102
Q

What is the structure numbered 2?

A

Trachea

103
Q

What is the structure numbered 3?

A

diaphragm

104
Q

What is the structure numbered 4?

A

Larynx

105
Q

What is the structure numbered 4a?

A

Epiglottis

106
Q

What is the structure numbered 5?

A

Greater omentum

107
Q

What is the structure labelled 6?

A

Liver

108
Q

What is the structure labelled 7?

A

Gall Bladder

109
Q

What is the structure coloured Blue?

A

Stomach

110
Q

What is the colored structure?

A

Duodenim

111
Q

What is the colored structure?

A

Small intestine

112
Q

What is the colored structure?

A

Ileum

113
Q

What is the colored structure?

A

ascending colon

114
Q

What is the colored structure?

A

transverse colon

115
Q

What is the colored structure?

A

descending colon

116
Q

What is the colored structure?

A

Sigmoid Colon

117
Q

What is the colored structure?

A

Spleen

118
Q

What is the colored structure?

A

Mesentery

119
Q

What is the colored structure?

A

Pancreas

120
Q

What is the colored structure?

A

Appendix (Vermiform)

121
Q

What is the colored structure?

A

Caecum

122
Q

What is the colored structure?

A

Esophagus

123
Q

What are the structures labelled 20?

A

Kidneys

124
Q

What is the structure labelled 21?

A

Ureters

125
Q

What is the structure labelled 22?

A

Urinary bladder

126
Q

What is the colored structure?

A

Male urethra

127
Q

What are the structures labelled 32?

A

Ovaries

128
Q

what is the structure labelled 29?

A

Spermatic cord

129
Q

What is the colored structure?

A

Scrotal Sac (scrotum)

130
Q

What is the colored structure?

A

Testis

131
Q

What is the colored structure?

A

Vas (ductus) deferens

132
Q

What is the colored structure?

A

an excuse to behave like a dick

(so Jennie must have one!)

133
Q

What is the colored structure?

A

Epididymus

134
Q

What is the colored structure?

A

Vagina

135
Q

What is the colored structure?

A

Uterus

136
Q

What is the colored structure?

A

Urethra

137
Q

What is the structure labelled 5?

A

Lungs

138
Q

What is the structure labelled 6?

A

Gall bladder

139
Q

What is the structure labelled 7?

A

Liver

140
Q

What is the structure labelled 8?

A

Small intestine

141
Q

What is the structure labelled 9?

A

Trachea

142
Q

What is the structure labelled 16?

A

diaphragm

143
Q

What is the structure labelled 17?

A

Stomach

144
Q

What is the structure labelled 18?

A

Greater Omentum

145
Q

What is the structure labelled 14?

A

Vagina

146
Q

What is the structure labelled 13?

A

Uterus

147
Q

What is the structure labelled 3?

A

Ovary

148
Q

What is the structure labelled 1?

A

Kidney

149
Q

What is the structure labelled 4?

A

Ureter

150
Q

What is the structure labelled 5?

A

Urinary Bladder

151
Q

What is the structure labelled 6?

A

Urethra

152
Q

What are the structures labelled 11 & 22?

A

Testis

153
Q

What is the structure labelled 19?

A

Vas (ductus) deferens

154
Q

What is the structure labelled 10?

A

Penis

155
Q

What is the structure labelled 21?

A

Spermatic cord

156
Q

What is emulsification?

A

Emulsification is the mechanical process of breaking lipids into smaller droplets of fat

157
Q

What kind of digestion is emulsification?

A

Mechanical digestion

158
Q

Name the emulsifier used in the lipid digestion experiment

A

Bile salts

159
Q

What is the function of a bile salt?

A

physically break up the lipids (mechanical digestion) into smaller droplets which provides more surface area for lipases to then break down the lipids chemically

160
Q

What materials are needed to test the effect of bile salts on emulsification of a lipid?

A
  • 2% Bile salt solution
  • Vegetable oil – lipid
  • Distilled water
  • Two 2 ml microcentrifuge tubes
  • Disposable droppers
161
Q

In which tube has emulsification occurred and why?

A

Test tube 2

Small drops of fat were present in Test Tube 2 indicating emulsification had taken place

162
Q

The attached photo shows the following vials (Lipid digestion experiment)

A: cream, H20

B: Cream, H20, Bile

C Cream, Bile, Lipase

Which shows the most complete digestion, and why?

A

Vial C

BECAUSE IT CONTAINS ALL NECESSARY REAGENTS FOR COMPLETE DIGESTION (LIPASE, BILE, CREAM)

163
Q

Which PH indicator was used in the lipid digestion experiment?

A

Bromothymol Blue

164
Q

WhatPH does the blue vial indicate when bromothymol blue is used?

A

PH of >7 because fatty acids are present

(Yes, fatty acids are BASIC bitches!)

165
Q

What PH does the yellow vial indicate when Bromothymol is present?

A

PH <7 indicating lack of fatty acids (digestion has taken place)

166
Q

What is pancreatic lipase?

A

an enzyme produced by the pancreatic acinar cells and chemically digests triglycerides

167
Q

What is the role of bile in digestion of lipids using lipase?

A

The bile begins the process by emulsifying the fat

The smaller droplets resulting have a greater surface area for catabolism by the lipase

168
Q

what is Amylase?

A

Amylase is a digestive enzyme produced by salivary glands and the pancreas.

It breaks dietary starches (polysaccharides) down into more simple sugars (disaccharides and monosaccharides)

169
Q

What is Lugol’s solution?

A

It is a test for starch.

Purple/ black is positive for starch and progressively lighter as less starch is present.

170
Q

Each vial contains varying concentrations of starch, amylase, and Lugol’s solution. In which vial is digestion of starch most complete and why?

A

F,

Test Tube F indicated the most complete digestion due to its pale purple color.

171
Q

Which substrate, enzymes and reagent were used in the digestion of starch experiment?

A

substrate: starch solution
enzymes: Amylase

Reagent: Lugol’s solution

172
Q

The three vials pictured have Biuret’s reagent in them. Which one is negative for protein and why?

A

A- white indicates the vial is negative for protein

173
Q

The three vials pictured have Biuret’s reagent in them. Which one is positive for protein and why?

A

B- because the purple colouring

174
Q

The three vials pictured have Biuret’s reagent in them. Which one indicates protein digestion has occured and why?

A

C - the pink colour indicates the presence of shorter peptides indicating pepsin has broken down the albumin

175
Q

Why do we use both pepsin and Hcl when demonstrating digestion of proteins.

A

Pepsin is most active in the presence of acid, as in the stomach. Thus mimicking digestion more accurately

176
Q

Name the organ tissue pictured

A

Liver tissue

177
Q

Name the cells labelled B

A

Sinusoids/Hepatocytes

178
Q

Name the structure labelled C

A

Central Vein

179
Q

Name the organ tissue

A

Pancreas

180
Q

Name the structure labelled E

A

Pancreatic islets of langerhans

181
Q

What is the function of the pancreatic islets of langerhans?

A

Endocrine function (insulin and glucagon)

182
Q

What are the cells labelled g?

A

Pancreatic Acini

183
Q

What is the function of pancreatic Acini?

A

Exocrine function (Enzymes for digestion)

184
Q

Name the organ tissue

A

Esophagus

185
Q

Name the cells labelled P

A

stratified squamous epithelium

186
Q

Name the organ tissue

A

Duodenim

187
Q

Name the cells labelled R?

A

Simple columnar epithelium/villi

188
Q

Name the organ tissue

A

Uterus

189
Q

Name the layer labelled T

A

Endometrium

190
Q

Name the layer labelled U

A

Myometrium

191
Q

Name the cell labelled V

A

Head of Sperm

192
Q

List the four layers of the GI tract from most superficial to deep

A
  1. SEROSA (ADVENTITIA)
  2. MUSCULARIS EXTERNA
  3. SUBMUCOSA
  4. MUCOSA
193
Q

Name the organ tissue

A

Ovary

194
Q

Name the structures labelled J

A

Ovarian follicles

195
Q

Name the cell labelled K

A

Oocyte

196
Q

Name the organ tissue

A

Testis

197
Q

Name the structure labelled M

A

Seminiferous tubules

198
Q

Name the cells labeled N

A

Leydig (interstitial) cells

199
Q

What type of urine sediment is pictured?

A

Cells

200
Q

What type of urine sediment is pictured?

A

Mucus threads

201
Q

What type of urine sediment is pictured?

A

Casts

202
Q

What type of urine sediment is pictured?

A

Casts

203
Q

What type of urine sediment is pictured?

A

Casts

204
Q

What type of urine sediment is pictured?

A

Casts

205
Q

What type of urine sediment is pictured?

A

Crystals

206
Q

What type of urine sediment is pictured?

A

crystals

207
Q

What type of urine sediment is pictured?

A

Crystals

208
Q

What type of urine sediment is pictured?

A

Crystals

209
Q

What type of urine sediment is pictured?

A

crystals

210
Q

What type of urine sediment is pictured?

A

crystals

211
Q

What type of urine sediment is pictured?

A

crystals

212
Q

What type of urine sediment is pictured?

A

Crystals

213
Q

What is turbidity?

A

visual quality based on clarity of solution.

214
Q

What could cloudy (turbid) urine indicate?

A

abnormal urine contents such as protein, salts, cells and cellular contents

215
Q

What is specific gravity?

A

density of a fluid as compared to distilled water;

216
Q

What can specific gravity be an indicator of?

A

The osmolarity of a fluid

217
Q

What is urine sediment?

A

microscopic solids that collects at the bottom of a centrifuged urine sample;

218
Q

What is the normal ramge for specific gravity of urine?

A

1.010 -1.025

219
Q

What is the normal PH range of urine?

A

4.5-8

220
Q

What is the usual colour of urine?

A

Light yellow to dark yellow

221
Q

How do we find the correction factor when calculating specific gravity?

A

Use the hydrometer to measure the specific gravity of distilled water as a base line.

If the gravity is above or below exacty 1.000, you correct your urine reading by the same number

222
Q

Which organ tissue is shown?

A

Kidney

223
Q

What is the structure labelledA?

A

Glomerular (bowmans) capsule

224
Q

What is the structure labelled B?

A

Glomerulus

225
Q

What is the structure labelled C?

A

Renal tubule

226
Q

What is the structure labelled A?

A

Bladder

227
Q

What is the structure labelled B?

A

Urethra

228
Q

What is the structure labelled C?

A

Penis

229
Q

What is the structure labelled D?

A

Epididymis

230
Q

What is the structure labelled E?

A

Testes

231
Q

What is the structure labelled F?

A

Prostate

232
Q

What is the structure labelled G?

A

Seminal Vesicle

233
Q

What is the structure labelled H?

A

Vas Deferens

234
Q

What is the structure labelled I?

A

Ovary

235
Q

What is the structure labelled J?

A

Uterus

236
Q

What is the structure labelled K?

A

Cervix

237
Q

What is the structure labelled L?

A

Bladder

238
Q

What is the structure labelled M?

A

Urethral opening

239
Q

What is the structure labelled N?

A

Vaginal opening