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A&P > Lab Practical (11-14) > Flashcards

Lab Practical (11-14) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 functions of the nervous system?

A

Sensory input-monitoring stimuli

Integration-interpretation of sensory input

Motor output-response to stimuli

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2
Q

What are the two divisions of the PNS?

A

Sensory (afferent) division and Motor (efferent) division

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3
Q

What kind of fibers does the sensory division have?

A

Somatic (skin) and visceral (stomach) sensory nerve fibers

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4
Q

What does the sensory division do?

A

Conducts impulses from receptors to the CNS

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5
Q

What does the motor division do?

A

Conducts impulses from CNS to effectors (muscles and glands)

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6
Q

What are the two divisions of the motor (efferent) division?

A

Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

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7
Q

What is the motor fiber of the somatic nervous system?

A

Skeletal muscle

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8
Q

What does the somatic nervous system do?

A

Conducts impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles

Conscious control of skeletal muscles

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9
Q

What does the ANS do?

A

Conducts impulses from CNS to cardiac muscles, smooth muscles and glands

*involuntary

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10
Q

What are the two divisions of the ANS?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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11
Q

What does the sympathetic division do?

A

Mobilizes body systems during activity.

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12
Q

What does the parasympathetic division do?

A

Conserves energy and promotes house-keeping functions during rest

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13
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system do?

A

Carries messages to and from the spinal cord

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14
Q

What do sensory afferent fibers do?

A

Carry impulses from skin, skeletal muscles and joints to the brain

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15
Q

What do visceral afferent fibers do?

A

Transmit impulses from visceral organs to the brain

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16
Q

What are the two principle cell types of the nervous system?

A

Neurons and supporting cells

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17
Q

What are neurons?

A

Excitable cells that transmit electrical signals

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18
Q

What are supporting cells?

A

(Neuroglia or glial cells) Cells that surround and wrap neurons. Insulate neurons
Promote health and growth

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19
Q

What are astrocytes?

A

•star shaped
•cling to neurons and their synaptic endings
•cover capillaries
•support/brace neurons
•anchor neurons to blood vessels/regulate transport of nutrients
•control chemical environment
(SCCSAC)

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20
Q

What are microglia cells?

A

Small ovoid cells with spiny processes

Phagocytes that monitor the health of neurons

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21
Q

What do ependymal cells do?

A
  • Line central cavities of brain and spinal column
  • Help circulate/secrete cerebrospinal fluid
  • Make up Blood-Brain barrier
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22
Q

What are oligodendrocytes?

A

Smaller branched cells that wrap CNS nerve fibers

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23
Q

What do Schwann cells surround?

A

Fibers of PNS

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24
Q

What do satellite cells surround?

A

Neuron cell bodies with ganglia

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25
Q

What are processes?

A

Arm like extensions from the soma.

  • called tracts in CNS and nerves in PNS
  • 2 types: Axons and Dendrites
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26
Q

Dendrites of Motor neurons

A
  • Short, tapering, branched processes
  • receptive/input regions of neuron
  • electrical signals conveyed as graded potentials (not action)
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27
Q

What do axons do?

A

Generate and transmit action potentials and secrete neurotransmitters from axonal terminals

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28
Q

In what two ways does mor enemy along axons occur?

A

Anterograde- toward axon terminal

Retrograde-away from axon terminal

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29
Q

What is the myelin sheath?

A

Whitish, fatty, segmented sheath around most long axons

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30
Q

What do myelin sheaths do?

A

Protect axon

Electrically insulate fibers

Increase speed of nerve impulse transmission

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31
Q

What are Nodes of Ranvier?

A

Gaps in myelin sheath between adjacent Schwann cells

Sites where axon collaterals can emerge

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32
Q

What form myelin sheaths in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

33
Q

What is white matter?

A

Dense collections of myelinated fibers

34
Q

What is gray matter?

A

Mostly soma and unmyelinated fibers

35
Q

What is a nerve?

A

Many neurons held together by connective tissue

36
Q

What is the endoneurium?

A

Covering around each nerve fiber

37
Q

What’s the perineurium?

A

Covering around each group of fibers

38
Q

What’s the epineurium?

A

Covering around several groups of fibers

•contains blood vessels and lymph vessels

39
Q

What are ganglia?

A

Group of cell bodies in a nerve

•only in PNS

40
Q

What are action potentials or nerve impulses?

A

Electrical impulses carried along length of axons

41
Q

What are the 4 ion channels?

A

Passive/leakage channels

Chemically gated channels

Voltage gated channels

Mechanically gated channels

42
Q

What are passive/leakage channels?

A

Always open

43
Q

What are chemically gated channels?

A

Open with binding of specific neurotransmitter

44
Q

What’re voltage gated channels?

A

Open and close in response to membrane potential

45
Q

What’re mechanically gated channels?

A

Open and close in response to physical deformation of receptors

46
Q

Membrane potential changes are produced by:

A

Changes in membrane permeability to ions

Alterations of ion concentrations across membrane

47
Q

Changes in membrane potential are caused by what 3 events?

A

Depolarization, repolsrization, hyperpolarization

48
Q

What are graded potentials?

A

Short-lived, local changes in membrane potential

Decrease in intensity with distance

49
Q

What is the threshold?

A

Membrane is depolarizer

50
Q

How does the CNS determine stimulus intensity?

A

By the frequency of impulse transmission

51
Q

What is the absolute refractory period?

A

Time from the opening of the Na activation gates until the closing of inactivation gates

52
Q

What is the cerebrum and what is it responsible for?

A

Enlarged superior portion of brain.

Higher mental functions: learning, memory, personality, cognition, language, conscience. Also plays major roles in sensation and movement.

53
Q

What is the Diencephalon and what’s it responsible for?

A

Central core of the brain.

Processing, integrating, relaying info, homeostatic functions, regulation of movement, biological rhythms

54
Q

What is the cerebellum and what is it responsible for?

A

Posterior and inferior portion of brain.

Planning/coordination of movement (instrument/sport)

55
Q

What is the brainstem and what’s it responsible for?

A

Oldest part of brain, connects brain and spinal cord.

Basic involuntary homeostatic functions, control of certain reflexes, monitoring movement, integrating/relaying info to other parts of nervous system

56
Q

Where does the spinal cord begin and end?

A

Foramen magnum of skull.

Between first and second lumbar vertebrae

57
Q

What are the three primary brain vesicles?

A

Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain.

58
Q

What are the five secondary brain vesicles?

A

Telencephalon, Diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon.

59
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

Most complex part of the brain, region of gray matter

60
Q

What are the somatic senses?

A

Pertaining to temperature/touch, vibration, pressure

61
Q

What is a caudate nucleus?

A

C shaped rings of gray matter that sit lateral to the lateral ventricles

62
Q

What do commissural fibers do?

What is the largest commissural fiber?

A

Connect the right and left cerebral hemispheres.

Corpus callosum

63
Q

What is the limbic system?

A

Includes limbic lobe, hippocampus, amygdala.

64
Q

What’s the amygdala?

A

Functions in behavioral expression of emotion, particularly fear.

65
Q

What’s the hypothalamus?

A

Collection of nuclei that sits anterior and inferior to thalamus.

66
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Regulate much of the ANS, the sleep/wake cycle, thirst/hunger, body temp.

67
Q

What do the mammillary bodies do?

A

Recover input from hippocampus, regulate memory and behavior

68
Q

What does the pineal gland do?

A

Secretes melatonin

69
Q

What is the tectum?

A

“Roof” of midbrain.

70
Q

What’s the tegmentum?

A

Area of midbrain between cerebral aqueduct and substantial nigra

71
Q

What’s the medulla oblongata?

A

Inferiormost portion of brainstem

72
Q

What are cranial meninges and how many are there?

A

3,

Protective membranes made primarily of dense irregular collagenous connective tissue

73
Q

What are the 3 cranial meninges?

A

Outermost: dura mater (thickest)
Middle: arachnoid mater
Innermost: pia mater

74
Q

What is the subdural space?

A

Houses thin layer of serous fluid and veins that drain the brain.

75
Q

What is the subarachnoid space?

A

Space in between arachnoid and pia maters that contains CSF and major blood vessels of brain

76
Q

What are dural sinuses?

A

Venous channels that drain CSF and deoxygenated blood from the brains veins

77
Q

What is the blood brain barrier

A

Keeps CSF and brain ECF separate from blood

78
Q

What are 99% of neurons in the human body classified as?

A

Multipolar

A&P (2 decks)

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