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A&P > Chapters 9-11 > Flashcards

Chapters 9-11 Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is NOT a muscle of respiration?

A. External intercostal
B.external oblique
C. Diaphragm
D. Internal intercostal

A

B. External oblique

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2
Q

What canals connect lacunae together?

A

Canaliculi

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3
Q

Standing on tiptoes is an example of a:

A

Second-class lever

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4
Q

Damage to the stylohyoid, mylohyoid, and geniohyoid impairs:

A

Swallowing

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5
Q

The neck muscles, which attach to the sternum, clavicle, and mastoid process of the temporal bone are:

A

Sternocleidomastoid

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6
Q

The deepest abdominal muscle is:

A

Transversus abdominis

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7
Q

A muscle that opposes or slows an action is called an:

A

Antagonist

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8
Q

Where does the mentalis muscle insert?

A

Skin of the chin

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9
Q

Which muscle assists with smiling?

A

Zygomaticus major

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10
Q

Most levers in the human body are:

A

Third-class levers

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11
Q

What can you tell about a muscle whose name includes the word serratus?

A

It’s appearance is serrated or jagged

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12
Q

Which type of muscle works together with the agonist?

A

Synergist

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13
Q

Which of the following is NOT a muscle of the rotation cuff?

A

Teres major

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14
Q

Which muscle provides voluntary control of defecation?

A

External anal sphincter

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15
Q

What influences the appearance and function of skeletal muscle?

A

Arrangement of the pattern of fascicles

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16
Q

The main immediate source of ATP (lasting about 10 seconds) as muscle co fractions begin comes from:

A

Creatine phosphate

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17
Q

Latrotoxin, produced by the poisonous black widow spider, increases the release of acetylcholine. How do muscle cells respond?

A

Muscle cells will experience fused or complete tetanus when excess acetylcholine exists

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18
Q

Increase in tension by increasing the number of motor units that are stimulated is called:

A

Recruitment

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19
Q

Which of the following is not one of the factors that contribute to muscle fatigue?
A. Decreased availability of oxygen
B. Depletion of metabolites
C. Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption
D. Environmental conditions such as extreme heat

A

C. Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption

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20
Q

When an action potential arrives in an axon terminal, synaptic vesicles containing acetylcholine are released by:

A

Exocytosis

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21
Q

When the sarcomere contracts and shortens:

A

The A band stays the same

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22
Q

Relaxation is a passive process, and it begins when:

A

When neural stimulation stops

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23
Q

When the sarcolemma repolarizes and returns to rest:

A

The inside of the sarcolemma has the same charge as the outside

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24
Q

The progressive stiffening of muscles after death, known as Rigor Mortis is due to:

A

ATP depletion, which leads to high cystolic calcium and inability of cross ridges to detach

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25
Q

Which protein does NOT belong in a thin filament?

A

Myosin

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26
Q

What is the plasma membrane of skeletal muscle called?

A

Sarcolemma

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27
Q

The plasma membrane of a muscle cell is known as the:

A

Sarcolemma

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28
Q

During the recovery period after exercise, we breathe deeper as faster. This increased rate of respiration is known as:

A

Excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)

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29
Q

The Na+/K+ pump helps a muscle cell maintain a state of:

A

Resting membrane potential

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30
Q

The folded region of sarcolemma found at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is called the

A

Motor end plate

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31
Q

A group of skeletal muscle fibers together with the surrounding perimysium form a:

A

Fascicle

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32
Q

Which fiber helps Frances stand for hours in her job as a nurse?

A

Type I fiber

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33
Q

Larrys muscles weakened while he played tennis for hours on a hot summer afternoon. This inability to maintain intensity is defined as:

A

Muscle fatigue

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34
Q 
Which of the following wraps and surrounds an individual skeletal muscle fiber?
A. Endomysium
B. Sarcoplasmic reticulum 
C. Perimysium 
D. Epimysium
A

A. Endomysium

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35
Q

The type of contraction in which length of the muscle fibers do not change is called:

A

Isometric

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36
Q 
Which of the following proteins forms elastic filaments?
A. Titan
B. Actin
C. Myosin
D. Troponin
A

A. Titan

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37
Q

A pathway of ATP production that results in the formation of lactic acid is:

A

Glycolytic catabolism

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38
Q

Where should most of the potassium ions be located when a muscle cell is at rest?

A

Cytosol of the muscle cell

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39
Q

The degree to which a muscle cell can stretch depends on its:

A

Extensibility

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40
Q

What is the functional contractile unit of them myofibril?

A

Sarcomere

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41
Q

What is the basic function of a muscle tissue?

A

Generate muscle tension

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42
Q

During muscle contraction, myosin crossbridges bond to active sites on___

A

Actin filaments

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43
Q

In response to physical inactivity, we expect to see muscles ___

A

Atrophy

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44
Q

Deep inward extensions of the sarcolemma form a tunnel-like network inside the muscle cell known as

A

Transverse tubules (T-tubules)

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45
Q

What type of contraction requires the greatest amount of tension?

A

Isotonic eccentric contraction

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46
Q

The fastest muscle contraction would be produced by a ___

A

Type IIb fiber

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47
Q

Between the start of the latent period and the start of the contraction period, there is a time interval during which the muscle cannot respond to another stimulus. This brief period is known as the

A

Refractory period

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48
Q

The binding of a myosin head to an actin molecule is termed a:

A

Crossbridge

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49
Q

Through which ATP generating mechanism can long-lasting muscle contractions be sustained?

A

Oxidative catabolism

50
Q

Type I fibers lack____

A

Speed

51
Q

What best describes the function of myoglobin?

A

Myoglobin stores oxygen in muscle cells

52
Q

What anchors thin and elastic filaments in place within the myofibril?

A

Z-Disc

53
Q

What is an effect of myelination?

A

Myelination increases the speed of conduction of action potentials

54
Q

What specific part of the neuron communicates with a target cell and serves as the secretory region of the cell?

A

Axon terminals (synaptic knobs)

55
Q

What best describes a converging circuit?

A

Axon terminals from multiple input neurons join into a single postsynaptic neuron

56
Q

Voltage-gated sodium channels have both an activation gate and:

A

An inactivation gate

57
Q

What would most likely lead to an IPSP?

A

Opening of potassium ion channels?

58
Q

Tetrodotoxin is a toxin that blocks voltage-gated sodium ion channels. What effect would this have on the function of neurons?

A

The neuron would be unable to generate action potentials

59
Q

Within the PNS, a neuron will regenerate only if:

A

The cell body remains intact

60
Q

When a second EPSP arrives at a single synapse before the effects of the first have disappeared, what results?

A

Temporal summation

61
Q

Neurotransmitters that bind ionotropic receptors control:

A

The movement of ions into or out of the postsynaptic neuron

62
Q

Which neurotransmitter is always inhibitory?

A

GABA

63
Q

The most common type of neuron in the human body is:

A

Multipolar

64
Q

What type of synapse must have receptors to transmit signals?

A

Chemical synapse

65
Q

Which of the following is NOT one of the mechanisms for synaptic transmission?
A. Uptake of neurotransmitter into postsynaptic neuron
B. Reuptake of neurotransmitter into presynaptic neuron
C. Diffusion of neurotransmitter away
D. Degradation of neurotransmitter by enzyme

A

A. Uptake of neurotransmitter into postsynaptic neuron

66
Q

If a drug inhibits the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, the effect will be:

A

Increased ACh availability in synaptic cleft

67
Q

Which statement best describes the all-or-none principle?
A. Local, or graded, potentials will always become action potentials
B. All voltage-gated sodium channels will open or none will open
C. An action potential happens completely, or it doesn’t happen at all
D. All neurons conduct an action potential together, or none do

A

C. An action potential happens completely, or it doesn’t happen at all

68
Q

Deterioration of the dist segment of an axon as a result of injury is called :

A

Wallerian degeneration

69
Q

Involuntary control of smooth and cardiac muscles and glands is provided by the _____

A

Autonomic nervous system

70
Q

What membrane potential must generally be met in order to achieve threshold?

A

-55mV

71
Q

What must happen first in the order events at a chemical synapse?

A

Calcium ion channels in the axon terminal open

72
Q

If the receptor site for a neurotransmitter were completely blocked:

A

Synaptic transmission would fail

73
Q

What is the primary factor in the maintenance of a negative charge during resting membrane potential?

A

Leak channels

74
Q

When is the generation of an action potential impossible, no matter the strength of the stimulus?

A

Absolute refractory period

75
Q

Bidirectional, instantaneous synaptic transmission is typical of:

A

Electrical synapses

76
Q

The Na+/K+ pump moves___

A

Na+ out of and K+ into the cell

77
Q

Depolarizing local potentials are caused by an influx of:

A

Na ions via gated ion channels

78
Q

Loss of K ions from the cytosine will have the same effect as:

A

Gain of Cl ions

79
Q

Dark-staining clusters of RER and ribosomes in neurons are called

A

Nissl bodies

80
Q

Bundles of axons known as tracts are part of the:

A

Central nervous system

81
Q

Simultaneous stimulation from multiple presynaptic neurons will result in__

A

Spatial summation

82
Q

What is a function of astrocytes

A

Facilitate the formation of the blood-brain barrier

83
Q

The neural pattern in which the signal goes from several neurons to one is called

A

A converging circuit

84
Q

The short, branched cytoplasmic extensions that allow neurons to receive input signals are called

A

Dendrites

85
Q

If a stimulus opens ligand-gated sodium ion channels, the neuron will__

A

Depolarize

86
Q

A neuron that recovers neurotransmitters from another neuron is called

A

The postsynaptic neuron

87
Q

Determine the direction in which an electrical signal is carried in a typical multipolar neuron

A

Dendrites, cell body, axon

88
Q

What would NOT terminate the effects of the neurotransmitter?

A

Presence of calcium ions in the presynaptic neuron

89
Q

Neuronal pools are collections of:

A

Interneurons

90
Q

The majority of synapses in the nervous system are:

A

Chemical

91
Q

Determine the fiber type in which propagation of an action potential will occur most quickly

A

Myelinated type A fiber

92
Q

What type of ion channel is always open?

A

Leak channel

93
Q

Resting membrane potential is maintained by the Na+/K+ pump which brings

A

Two K ions into cystolic, 3 Na ions into extra cellular fluid

94
Q

The same neurotransmitter can have different effects depending on the properties of the ____

A

Receptor

95
Q

During saltatory conduction, action potentials are generated ____

A

I’m not at nodes of Ranvier of myelinated axons

96
Q

Which neuroglial cell helps form the blood-brain barrier?

A

Astrocyte

97
Q

What is controlled by the somatic motor division?

A

Skeletal muscle

98
Q

Cholinergic synapses use the neurotransmitter ___

A

Acetylcholine

99
Q

Which neuropeptide neurotransmitter is released from fibers transmitting sensory information about pain and temperature?

A

Substance P

100
Q

A band

A

Region that contains both thick and thin filaments

101
Q

H zone

A

Middle portion of the A band that contains thick filaments only

102
Q

Z Disc

A

The sarcomere is situated between two of these adjacent structures

103
Q

I Band

A

Region that contains only thin filaments

104
Q

M line

A

Middle line of A band

105
Q

What value best represents resting membrane potential of skeletal muscle cells?

A

-85 mV

106
Q

Electrical gradients exist because sodium and potassium ions are separated on either side of the plasma membrane?

T/F

A

True

107
Q

What is required for excitation-contraction coupling?

A

Calcium ions and ATP

108
Q

A single motor neuron together with all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates is called a

A

Motor unit

109
Q

Which nervous system division is responsible for the integration of sensory information

A

Central nervous system

110
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

The membrane potential moves from -70 mV to -90 mV

111
Q

Repolarization

A

The membrane potential moves from -60 mV to -70 mV

112
Q

Sensory input

A

Monitoring stimuli

113
Q

Integration

A

Interpretation of sensory input

114
Q

Motor output

A

Response to stimuli

115
Q

Sensory afferent fibers

A

Carry impulses from skin, skeletal muscles, and joints to brain

116
Q

Visceral afferent fibers

A

Transmit impulses from visceral organs to the brain

117
Q

Neurons

A

Excitable cells that transmit electrical signals

118
Q

Supporting cells

A

Cells that surround and wrap neurons

*neuroglia or glial cells

119
Q

What are the most abundant type of glial cells?

A

Astrocytes

120
Q

Tropomyosin

A

Double stranded protein that covers the active sites of the G protein

121
Q

Troponin

A

3 gobular subunits- calcium, tropomyosin, G actin

A&P (2 decks)

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