Lab Practical 1 Exam Terms

Question 1

Scientific Method

Answer 1

Certain habits of disciplined creativity, careful observation, logical thinking and honest analysis of ones observations and conclusions.

• inductive method
• hypothetico-deductive method

Question 2

Inductive Method

Answer 2

A process of making numerous observations until one feels confident in drawing generalizations and predictions from them.

Question 3

Hypothetico-Deductive Method

Answer 3

Method in which an investigator begins by asking a question and formulating a hypothesis to be tested by means of experimental design.

Question 4

Sample Size

Answer 4

The number of subjects (animals or people) used in a study.

An adequate sample size controls for chance events and individual variations in response and thus enables us to place more confidence in the outcome.

Question 5

Control Group

Answer 5

The group that receives the placebo.

No treatment.

Question 6

Treatment Group

Answer 6

Group that receives the treatment in a scientific experiment.

Question 7

Psychosomatic Effects

Answer 7

Effects of the subjects state of mind on his or her physiology.

Can have an undesirable effect on experimental results if we do not control for them.

Question 8

Double-Blind Method

Answer 8

Used as a way to control experimenter bias.

In this procedure, neither the subject to whom a treatment is given nor the person giving it and recording the results knows whether that subject is receiving the experimental treatment or placebo.

Question 9

Statistical Testing

Answer 9

Tests that can be applied to the data.

chi-square test
T test
Analysis of variance

Question 10

Fact

Answer 10

Information that can be independently verified by any trained person.

Question 11

Law of Nature

Answer 11

Generalization about the predictable ways in which matter and energy behave.

The result of inductive reasoning based on repeated, confirmed observations.

Question 12

Theory

Answer 12

An explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, laws and confirmed hypothesis.

Question 13

Ventral

Answer 13

Toward the front or belly.

Example:
The aorta is ventral to the vertebral column.

Question 14

Dorsal

Answer 14

Toward the back or spine.

Example:
The vertebral column is dorsal to the aorta.

Question 15

Anterior

Answer 15

Toward the ventral side.

Example:
The sternum is anterior to the heart.

Question 16

Posterior

Answer 16

Toward the dorsal side.

Example:
The esophagus is posterior to the trachea.

Question 17

Cephalic

Answer 17

Toward the head or superior end.

Example:
The cephalic end of the embryonic neural tube develops into the brain.

Question 18

Rostral

Answer 18

Toward the forehead or nose.

Example:
The forebrain is rostral to the brainstem.

Question 19

Caudal

Answer 19

Toward the tail or inferior end.

Example:
The spinal cord is causal to the brain.

Question 20

Superior

Answer 20

Above.

Example:
The heart is superior to the diaphragm.

Question 21

Inferior

Answer 21

Below.

Example:
The liver is inferior to the diaphragm.

Question 22

Medial

Answer 22

Toward the median plane.

Example:
The heart is medial to the lungs.

Question 23

Lateral

Answer 23

Away from the median plane.

Example:
The eyes are lateral to the nose.

Question 24

Proximal

Answer 24

Closer to the point of attachment or origin.

Example:
The elbow is proximal to the wrist.

Question 25

Distal

Answer 25

Farther from the point of attachment or origin.

Example:
The fingernails are at the distal ends of the fingers.

Question 26

Ipsilateral

Answer 26

On the same side of the body.

Example:
The liver is ipsilateral to the appendix

Question 27

Contralateral

Answer 27

On opposite sides of the body.

Example:
The spleen is contralateral to the liver.

Question 28

Superficial

Answer 28

Closer to the body surface.

Example:
The skin is superficial to the muscles.

Question 29

Deep

Answer 29

Farther from the body surface.

Example:
The bones are deep to the muscles.

Question 30

Quadrants

Answer 30

RUQ-right upper quadrant
RLQ-right lower quadrant
LUQ-left upper quadrant
LLQ-left lower quadrant

Question 31

Regions of the Abdomen

Answer 31

Nine.

Lateral:
Hypochondriac Region
Lumbar Region
Inguinal Region

Medial:
Epigastric Region
Umbilical Region
Hypogastric Region

Question 32

Axial Region

Answer 32

Head 
Neck (cervical Region)
Trunk
   -thoracic Region (above diaphragm)
   -abdominal Region (below diaphragm)

Question 33

Appendicular Region

Answer 33

Upper and lower limbs

Question 34

Major Body Cavities

Answer 34

Cranial cavity (brain)
Vertebral canal (spinal cord)
Thoracic cavity 
-pleural cavities (2) (lungs)
-pericardial cavity (heart) 
Abdominopelvic cavity
-abdominal cavity (digestive organs, spleen, kidneys)
-pelvic cavity (bladder, rectum, reproductive organs)