Chapter 2 - Chemistry Of Life Flashcards
1
Q
Oxidation
A
Any chemical reaction in which a molecule gives up electrons and releases energy.
3
Q
Neutral pH
A
7.0
4
Q
Mixture
A
Consists of substances that are physically blended but not chemically combined.
Each substances retains its own chemical properties.
6
Q
Chemical Reactivity
A
Chemicals’ ability to participate in chemical reactions.
7
Q
Polar Covalent
A
Covalent bond in which electrons are more attracted to one nucleus than to the other, resulting in slightly positive and negative regions in one molecule.
May be single or double.
10
Q
Colloids
A
Mixtures of protein and water such as the albumin in blood plasma.
Particles range from 1-100nm in size.
Particles this large scatter light, so collies are usually cloudy.
The particles are too large to pass through most selectively permeable membranes.
The particles are still small enough however, to remain permanently mixed with the solvent when the mixture stands.
11
Q
pH
A
Acidity is expressed in terms of pH.
It is a measure derived from the molar out of it.
13
Q
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
A
Molecule composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups, functions as an energy-transfer molecule.
16
Q
Hydrogen Bond
A
Weak attraction between polarized molecules or between polarized regions of the same molecule.
Important in the three-dimensional folding and cooling of large molecules.
Easily disrupted by temperature and pH changes.
Slightly positive region in one molecule and a slightly negative region in a different molecule.
17
Q
Catalysts
A
Substances that temporarily bind to reactants, hold them in a favorable position to react with each other and may change the shapes of reactants in ways that make them more likely to react.
18
Q
Saturated fatty acid
A
Has as much hydrogen as it can carry, no more could be added without exceeding four covalent bonds per carbon atoms.
19
Q
Billie Acids
A
Steroids that aid in fat digestion and nutrient absorption.
20
Q
Hydrophobic
A
Substances that do not dissolve in water.
22
Q
Glycolipid
A
Composed of a phospholipid molecule covalently bonded to a carbohydrate.
23
Q
Ionizing Radiation
A
High energy radiation that ejects electrons from atoms, converting atoms to ions.
It destroys molecules and produces dangerous free radicals and ions in human tissue.
24
Q
Substrate
A
The substance the enzyme acts upon.
27
Q
Active Site
A
Pocket on the enzyme surface.
Substrate-binding site of an enzyme.
28
Q
Ionic Bond
A
The attraction of a cation to an anion exchange of electrons.
Relatively weak attraction between cation and anion.
Easily disrupted in water.
29
Q
Reversible Reactions
A
Can go either direction under different circumstances.
31
Q
Double covalent
A
Sharing of two electron pairs.
Often occurs between carbon atoms, between carbon and oxygen and between carbon and nitrogen.
33
Q
Disaccharides
A
Sugars composed of two monosaccharides.
3 most important are…
Sucrose (glucose+fructose)
Lactose (glucose+galactose)
Maltose (glucose+glucose)
35
Q
Calorie
A
Base unit of heat.
1 cal is the amount of heat that raises the temperature of 1g of water.
36
Q
Fat soluble vitamins
A
A,D,E,K
Involved in a variety of functions including blood clotting, wound healing, vision and calcium absorption.
39
Q
Chemical Energy
A
Potential energy stored in the bonds of molecules. Chemical reactions release this energy and make it available for physiological work.
40
Conformation
Protein Structure
3D shape
Slight changes to this can destroy protein function.
41
Denaturation
A more elastic conformational change in response to conditions such as extreme heat or pH. Makes a protein unable to perform its normal function. It is sometimes reversible, but more often it permanently destroys protein function.
42
Radioisotopes
Unstable isotopes.
Every element has at least one.
43
Acid
A proton (H+) donor, or a chemical that releases protons into a solution.
Proton donor.
44
Functional Groups
Small clusters of atoms that determine many of the properties of an organic molecule.
Group of atoms that are added to carbon backbones and that give organic molecules a variety of unique properties.
45
Anabolism (anabolic)
Consists of energy storing synthesis reactions, such as the production of protein or fat; drive by the energy that catabolism releases.
Metabolic reactions that use energy and build more complex molecules from less complex molecules.
46
Secondary Genes
Coiled or folded shape held together by hydrogen bonds between slightly negative C=O group of one peptide bond and the slightly positive N-H group of another one some distance away.
Most common are springlike shape alpha helix and pleated, ribbonlike shape beta sheet pleated sheet.
47
Exchange Reactions
Two molecules exchange atoms or groups of atoms.
Trade.
48
Mole
Number of molecules of a chemical that is equal to its molecular weight in grams.
49
Universal Solvent
Water
Because it dissolves a broader range of substances than any other liquid.
52
Eicosanoids
Chemical messengers between cells.
20 carbon compounds derived from a fatty acid
53
Glycogen
Glucose polymer synthesized by liver, muscle, uterine and vaginal cells that serves as an energy-storage polysaccharide.
Energy storage in animal cells.
55
Cofactor
Nonprotein partner required by human enzymes. Inorganic cofactors include iron, copper, zinc, magnesium and calcium ions.
56
Valence Electrons
Electrons of the outermost shell that determine the chemical bonding properties of an atom.
58
Van der waals force
Weak brief attraction due to random disturbances in the electron clouds of adjacent atoms.
Weakest of all bonds.
60
Molarity
Number of moles of solute per liter of solution.
61
Potential Energy
Energy contained in an object because of its position or internal state but that is not doing work at the time.
62
Cellulose
A structural polysaccharide that gives strength to the cell wall of plants.
it is the principle component of wood, cotton and paper.
It consists of a few thousand glucose monomers joined together with every other monomer "up side down" relative to the next.
Dietary fiber.
64
Polypeptides
Ones over 100 amino acids long are generally classified as proteins.
65
Catabolism
(Metabolism) consists of energy-releasing decomposition reactions.
69
Electron
Subatomic particle with a negative charge.
Around the nucleus.
Very low mass. It takes 1836 electrons to equal the mass of one proton.
70
Cohesion
The tendency of molecules of the same substance to cling to each other.
72
Glycoproteins
A major component of mucus, which traps particles in the respiratory system, resists infection and protects the digestive tract from its own acid and enzymes.
73
Protein
Polymer of amino acids
74
Buffers
Chemical solutions that resist changes in pH.
75
Radioactivity
The process of decay
77
Tertiary Structure
Formed by the further bending and folding of proteins into various globular and fibrous shapes.
Results from hydrophobic radicals associating with each other and avoiding water, while the hydrophilic radicals are attached to the surrounding water.
78
Solute
Gas, solid or liquid
Particles of matter that are dissolves in a solution.
79
Prosthetic Group
Non-amino acid moiety covalently bonded to conjugated proteins.
81
Cholesterol
Component of cell membranes, precursor of other steroids. "Parent" steroid from which the other steroids are synthesized.
Required for proper nervous system functions.
15% from diet. 85% internally synthesized by liver.
83
Molecular Weight
(MW)
The sum of the atomic weights of its atoms.
Add the amu of each component.
It is measured in atomic mass units.
It is useful for calculating concentrations.
85
Reduced
When a molecule that donates electrons to another.
86
Enzyme
Proteins that function as biological catalysts. They enable biochemical reactions to occur rapidly at normal body temperatures.
87
Antioxidant
A chemical that neutralizes free radicals.
91
Lipid
A hydrophobic organic molecule usually composed only of carbon hydrogen and oxygen, with a high ratio of hydrogen to oxygen.
Less oxidized than carbohydrates.
```
5 primary:
Fatty acids
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Eicosanoids
Steroids
```
94
Reducing Agent
Molecule that donates electrons to another.
Electron donor.
95
Minerals
Inorganic elements that are extracted from the soil by plants and passes up the food chain to humans and other organisms.
Constitute for 4% of the human body weight and contribute significantly to body structure.
(Ca, P, Cl, Mg, K, Na, S)
97
Metabolism
It includes reactions where molecules are broken down.
It includes reactions where new molecules are synthesized.
It can be defined as the sum of all the chemical reactions in the body.
Does not always require an input of energy.
98
Chemical Reaction
A process in which a covalent or Ionic bond is formed or broken.
Examples:
Decomposition
Synthesis
Exchange Reactions
99
Electrolytes
Substances that ionize in water (acids, based or salts) and form solutions capable of conducting electricity.
102
Polymers
Molecules made up of a repetitive series of identical or similar subunits called monomers.
103
Universal solvent
Water
It dissolves a broader range of substances than any other liquid.
104
Ligand
Any hormone or other molecule that reversible bonds to a protein.
105
Chemical Equation
Symbolizes the course of chemical reaction.
Typically shows the reactants on the left and the products on the right and an arrow pointing from the reactants to the products.
106
Monosaccharides
Simple sugars; simplest carbohydrates are monomers.
3 most important are...
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Obtain these sugars mainly by digestion of more complex carbs.
107
Maltose
A product of starch digestion and is present in a few foods.
Such as...
Germinating wheat and malt beverages
Further digested to glucose.
111
No polar covalent
Covalent bond in which electrons are equally attracted to both nuclei.
May be single or double
Strongest type of chemical bond.
113
Hydrolysis
Opposite of dehydration synthesis.
A water molecule ionizes into OH- and H+.
A covalent bond linking one monomer to another is broken, the OH- is added to one monomer and the H+ is added to the other one.
All digestion consists of hydrolysis reactions.
114
Adhesion
The tendency of one substance to cling to another.
116
Law of mass action
Followed by reversible reactions.
They proceed from the reactants in greater quantity to the substances with the lesser quantity.
117
Quarternary Structure
The association of two or more polypeptide chains by noncovalent forces such as ionic bonds and hydrophilic-hydrophobic interactions.
118
Carboxyl Group
(Organic acids) ATP is named for its three phosphate groups.
Set of four atoms bonded together to present in carboxylic acids.
119
Temperature
Reaction rate increases as the temperature rises.
This is because heat causes molecules to move more rapidly and collide with greater force and frequency.
122
Sucrose
Produced by sugar cane and sugar beets and is used as common table sugar.
124
Peptide
Any molecule composed of two or more amino acids joined by peptide bonds.
125
Decomposition Reaction
A large molecule breaks down into two or more smaller ones.
126
Polysaccharides
Long chains of up to thousands of monosaccharides long 50+ monosaccharides usually.
127
Proteoglycans
Macromolecules in which the carbohydrate component is dominant and a peptide or protein forms a smaller component.
They form gels that help hold cells and tissues together, form a gelatinous filler in the umbilical cord and eye, lubricate the joints of the skeletal system and account for the tough rubbery texture of cartilage.
Cell adhesion
Lubrication
Supportive filler of some tissues and organs
128
Molecular formulae
Representation of molecules that identifies their constituent elements and shows how many atoms of each are present.
129
Element
A pure chemical substance that consists of one type of atom.
The simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties.
130
Isotopes
Atoms of the same element that differ only in the number of neutrons.
131
Structure
Keratin, a tough structural protein, gives strength to the nails, hair and skin surface.
Deeper layers of the skin, as well as bones, cartilage and teeth, contain an abundance of the durable protein collagen.
133
Solvency
The ability to dissolve other chemicals.
134
Steroid
A lipid with 17 of its carbon atoms arranged in four rings.
135
Isomers
Molecule with identical molecular formulae but different arrangements of their atoms.
137
Base
A proton receptor.
Acts as a proton acceptor.
Bonds protons in a solution.
138
Dehydration Synthesis (condensation)
A hydroxyl (-OH) group is removed from one monomer and a hydrogen (-H) from another, producing water as a by product.
Two monomers become joined by a covalent bond forming a dimer.
141
Lactose
Milk sugar digested to glucose and galactose, important in infant nutrition.
142
Proteins
Polypeptide of 50 amino acids or more.
They catalyze chemical reactions.
They act as receptors on cells' surfaces.
They make up molecules that can transport oxygen.
146
Hydrophilic
Substances that DO dissolve in water.
148
Work
Means to move something, whether it is a muscle or a molecule.
149
Macromolecules
Multiple part molecules of carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids.
Also called polymers.
150
Free Radicals
Chemical particles with an odd number of electrons.
Represented with a dot to symbolize the odd electron.
151
Covalent bonds
Form by the sharing of electrons between nuclei.
One or more pair.
152
Molecules
Chemical particles composed of two or more atoms united by a chemical bond.
155
Trace Elements
Remaining 12 elements in the body that account for 7% of body weight.
No one of them accounts for more than .2%
157
Emulsion
A suspension of one liquid in another such as oil and vinegar salad dressing.
158
Ion
Charged particle with u equal numbers of protons and electrons.
Can consist of a single atom with a positive or negative charge or it can be as large as a protein with many charges on it.
Atom that has gained or lost electrons.
159
Reduction
A chemical reaction in which a molecule gains electrons and energy.
163
Starch
An energy-storage polysaccharide in plants.
They store it when sunlight and nutrients are available and draw from it when photosynthesis is not possible.
It is the only significant digestible polysaccharide in the human diet.
167
Equilibrium
The ratio of products to reactants is stable.
168
Exergonic
Energy releasing reactions
170
Carbon
Element that is the Foundation of biological molecules able to form a wide variety of compounds because it has four valence electrons.
172
Free Energy
The potential energy available in a system to do useful work.
In human physiology the most relevant free energy is the energy stored in the chemical bonds of organic molecules.
174
Chemical Bonds
Molecule is held together and molecules are attracted to one another by forces.
Examples:
Covalent
Ionic
Hydrogen
177
Kinetic Energy
Energy of motion, energy that is doing work. It is observed in musculoskeletal movements, the flow of ions into a cell and vibration of the eardrum.
182
Single covalent
Sharon of one electron pair
184
Biochemistry
The study of the molecules and chemical reactions that occur in living cells.
187
Glucose
"Blood sugar" that provides energy to most of our cells.
Monomer that forms glycogen and starch.
191
Anion
Particle that gains electrons through ionization and acquires a negative charge.
192
Fatty Acids
A chain of usually 4-24 carbon atoms with a carboxyl group at one end and a methyl group at the other.
Saturated or unsaturated.
Precursor of triglycerides.
Source of energy.
193
Phospholipid
A lipid that consists of two hydrophobic fatty acids tails and a hydrophilic phosphate head.
199
Acidic pH
Solutions with pH below 7
201
Triglycerides
Energy storage; Thermal insulation; filling space; binding organs together; cushioning organs.
Molecules consisting of a three carbon alcohol called glycerol linked to three fatty acids.
Formed by dehydration synthesis.
202
Carbohydrate
Hydrophilic organic molecule with the general formula (CH2O)n1 where n represents the number of carbon atoms.
Have a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen 1:2:1 ratio
```
Includes:
Sugars
Starches
Glycogen
Cellulose
```
206
Atomic Mass Unit (amu)
Atomic mass of an element is approximately equal to its total number of protons and neutrons.
207
Peptide Bond
Formed by dehydration synthesis.
joins the amino group of one amino acid to the carboxyl group of the next.
208
Nucleus
At center of the atom.
Composed of protons and neutrons.
210
Energy
The capacity to do work.
Broadly classified as potential or kinetic energy.
212
Anatomic Number
Number of protons in its nucleus.
213
Neucleotides
Organic compounds with three principal components: a single or double carbon-nitrogen ring called a nitrogenous base, a monosaccharide and one or more phosphate groups.
217
Neutron
Uncharged particle found in the nucleus of an atom.
1 amu
220
Basic pH (alkaline)
Solutions with pH above 7
221
Neucleotides
Contain a phosphate, a sugar and a nitrogenous base.
Organic compounds with three principal components: a single or double carbon-nitrogen ring called a nitrogenous base, a monosaccharide and one or more phosphate groups.
222
Cation
Particle that loses electrons through ionization and acquires a positive charge.
228
Primary Structure
A proteins sequence of amino acids.
Encoded with genes.
229
Compounds
Molecules composed of two or more elements.
232
Proton
Have a single positive charge and is found in the nucleons of an atom.
238
Solution
Consists of particles of matter called the solute, mixed with a more abundant substance (usually water) called the solvent.
239
Amino Acids
Has a central carbon atom with an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl
(-COOH) group bound to (r group, radical)
243
Covalent Bond
Type of bond that is formed by the sharing of a pair of electrons between two atoms.
246
Solvent
In a solution, it is the more abundant substance that dissolves another substance.
251
Hydrophobic
Any molecule that is non-polar and does not dissolve in water.
