Lab Practical 1 Flashcards
What works with the nervous system to coordinate the activity of cells in order to control growth and homeostasis in the body?
- Influences metabolic activities of cells by means of hormones transported in the blood to target cells
The Endocrine system
Responses in the endocrine system occur more _______ but tend to last ________ than those of the nervous system
Slowly; longer
What is the endocrine system composed of?
endocrine glands and endocrine tissue
An organ that secrets one or more chemical messenger (hormone)
endocrine gland
What are examples of endocrine glands?
Thyroid, adrenal, pituitary, parathyroid, and pineal. (TAPPP)
What are examples of endocrine tissue?
Pancreas, adipose, thymus, hypothalamus, heart, kidneys, gastro-intestinal and gonads. (PATHH K GIG)
How does the adrenal medulla make adrenaline and noradrenalin
Start with the amino acid tyrosine
Why is tyrosine so important?
It makes epinipherine, norepinephrine, dopamine, melanin, and the thyroid hormones T3 and T4
If the amino acid phenylalnine cannot be converted into tyrosine, __ / _______________ will result
PKU; Phenylketonuria
What is Phenylketonuria
a genetic disorder caused by the mutation in the gene for the liver enzyme (PAH) rendering it nonfunctional
True or False: The pancreas is an endocrine and exocrine gland?
True
What is the endocrine function of the pancreas
to release insulin (glucose in the cells) and Glucagon (glucose gone from the cells)
Insulin ______ blood glucose and glucagon ______ blood glucose
decreases; increases
Produce estrogen and progesterone during puberty
Female - ovaries
- Promotes maturation of the reproductive organs and breast
- promotes cyclic changes in the uterine lining during menstruation
- Prepare mammary gland for lactation
Estrogen
- promote cyclic changes in the uterine lining during menstruation
- quiets uterine muscle during pregnancy
- prepares breast tissue for lactation
Progesterone
Produce testosterone during puberty
1. promote maturation of the reproductive systems
- development of male secondary sex characteristics
- responsible for sex drive
Male - testes
What are the characteristics of blood
- viscous
- bright red when oxygenated
- dark red when deoxygenated
- a connective tissue
- 55% plasma (>90% water)
- 45% formed elements
how many liters of blood do males have versus females?
Male = 5-6 L
Female = 4-5 L
90% water
contains salts ( Na, K, Mg, Cl, and HC03-)
Proteins ( albumin, fibrinogen, antibodies)
Nutrients, waste, gases, hormones
Plasma (55% of blood)
Contains:
Erythrocytes (45%)
Leucocytes ( <1%)
platelets (<1%)
Formed elements
How many days does it take a neutrophil to develop and what is tis life span
D: 14days
LS: 6hrs -few
How many days does it take a Esoinophil to develop and what is its life span
D: 14 days and
LS: 5days
How long does it take for a basophil to develop and how long is its life span?
D: 1-7 days
LS: hours - days
How long does it take for a Lymphocyte to develop and how long is it’s life span?
D: Days - weeks
LS: Hours - years
How long does it take for a Monocyte to develop and how long is it’s life span
D: 1-3 days
LS: Months
What is the function of a neutrophil white blood cell?
Phagocytize bacteria
What is the function of Eosinophil white blood cell?
To kill parasitic worms.
A complex role in allergy and asthma
what is a the function of a basophil
Release histamine for inflammation and contain heparin
What is the function of a lymphocyte white blood cell?
to attack cells and produce antibodies
What it the function of a monocyte white blood cell?
to turn into macrophages and phagocytose
kidney shaped nucleus, abundant pale blue cytoplasm
Monocyte
Large spherical nucleus, thin rim of pale blue cytoplasm
Lymphocyte
Bilobed nucleus, purplish-black cytoplasmic granules
Basophil
bilobed nucleus, red cytoplasmic granules
Esonophil
Mulitlobed nuleus, pale red and blue cytoplasmic grnaules
Neurtophils
Small ligament attached to the superior surface of the pulmonary trunk and the inferior surface of the aortic arch
Ligamentum arteriosum ( arterial ligament)
A band of tough, fibrous, dense regular connective tissue
Ligament
Small, protruding, wrinkled pouches that increase the volume of the atria (right is usually larger than left)
Auricles
A collection of veins joined together at the terminal portion of the great cardiac vein, lying in the coronary large vessel that collects blood from the heart muscle. it deleivers deoxygenated blood to the right atrium
Coronary Sinus
Parallel ridges of muscle on the inner wall of the right atrium and right and left aruicles of the heart
Pectinate muscles
Irregular muscular columns on the inner surface of the ventricles of the heart
Trabeculae carnea
Structures that allow blood to bypass the pulmonary circulation. They play a critical role in the shunting oxygenated blood to the fetal brain
Fetal cardiac shunts
What are the fetal shunts
The ductus arteriosus, The foramen ovale, and the ductus venosus
a blood vessel connecting the pulmonary artery to the aortic arch
Ductus Arteriosus
An opening in the septum between the two atria of the heart
Foramen Ovale
Shnunts approx. half of the blood flow of the umbilical vein from the placenta directly to the inferior vena cava, bypassing the liver.
The ductus Venosus
A depression in the septum between the right and left atria where the foramen ovale was previously located in the fetal heart
Foass Ovalis
What is the maximum pressure created in the right ventricle
20 mmHg
What is the maximum pressure created in the left ventricle
120mmHg
Blood pressure is measured using a device called a…
Sphygmomanometer and a stethoscope
A technique which is the act of listening to body sounds for diagnostic purposes
Auscultation
What is a healthy blood pressure
120/80
What blood pressure requires immediate attention
180/120
Thinner wall than the other ventricle of the heart, crescent shape and wraps around the other ventricle
Right ventricle
Thicker wall than the other ventricle and round in shape
Left ventricle
cells that are attached to each other and arranged in spiral bundles that effectively link all parts of the heart together
Cardiac muscle cells
