LAB PPT Flashcards
Most common Resistant Borosilicate:
–Beakers
–Flasks
–Pipettes
High thermal resistant glass Usual brand that may encounter was _______ and __________
Kimax and pyrex
This has high resistance to thermal shock and chemical attack
Borosilicate/ high thermal resistant glass
Can be heated and autoclave
High thermal resistant glass/ borosilicate
Made by removing all elements from borosilicate glass but 6 times stronger than borosilicate glass
High Silica Glass (COREX)
Has good optical qualities, temperature capabilities and
is radiation-resistant
High Silica Glass (COREX)
Used for high precision analytical work and for optical
reflectors and mirrors
High Silica Glass (COREX)
Not used for the type of glassware generally used in the
laboratory
High Silica Glass (COREX)
Partially used for strong alkaline solutions
High Alkali-Resistant Glass
Often referred to as “soft glass” as its thermal
resistance is much less than of borosilicate glass
High Alkali-Resistant Glass
digestion with strong
alkali is made
High Alkali-Resistant Glass
poor in heat resistance therefore it is
not autoclavable
High Alkali-Resistant Glass
Has materials that usually impart red color to the glass that reduce the amount of light passing
through substance inside the glassware
Low actinic glass
Low actinic glass Provides protection to reagents highly sensitive
to light ranging from __________ to __________ angstrom
3,000 to 5,000 angstrom
Low actinic glass Used for substances that are particularly
sensitive to light such as __________ or _________ (other substance)
bilirubin or Vitamin A ( beta carotene, vitamin c, vitamin b1, porphyrin, solate)
Used for the manufacture of
weighing bottles because it
develops less static surface
changes
Standard Flint Glass or Soda
Lime Glass
Standard Flint Glass or Soda
Lime Glass Composed of a mixture of the
___________, __________ and ________
oxides, Calcium and silicon
Special Glasses: Used in light fitters, lamp bulbs and lightning lenses (fluorescent light)
Colored and Opal Glasses
Special glass: Have thin metallic oxide permanently fine bonded to the surface of the glass (infrared light)
Coated Glasses
Special glass: Have electronic applications as heat shield to protect against
infrared light
Coated Glasses
Special glass: Mostly soda lime glass lead and borosilicate of high optical purity (used spectrophotometer)
Optical Glasses
Special glass: Used in making prisms, lenses and optical
Optical Glasses
Special glass: Useful in hot plates, table tops and heat exchanges
Glass Ceramics (Pyroceram)
Special glass: Have high thermal resistance, chemical stability and corrosion resistance like borosilicate glasses
Glass Ceramics (Pyroceram)
Special glass: Made of soda-lime and lead
Radiation - absorbing glass
Special glass: Useful in preventing transmission of huge energy radiation as gamma
rays and X-rays
Radiation - absorbing glass
Beginning to replace glassware in the laboratory setting
Plastic wares
Its unique high resistance to corrosion and breakage as
well as its varying flexibility, had made it most appealing
Plastic wares
Its relatively expensive, allowing for most items to be
completely disposable after each use
Plastic wares
Unique group of resins with relatively inert properties
Polyolefins
Unaffected by acids, alkalis, salt solutions and aqueous solutions and can be autoclave
Polyolefins
Two types of polyolefins:
Polypropylene
Polyethylene
Type of polyolefins: Can withstand higher temperatures
Polypropylene
Type of polyolefins: More vulnerable to attack by oxidizing agents
Polypropylene
Type of polyolefins: Both polypropylene are used primarily to fabricate bottles, beakers,
jars jugs, funnels pipette jars, pipette baskets, tanks, etc.
Polyethylene
Twice as strong as polypropylene and may be used at temperatures ranging 100C to 160C
Polycarbonate resin
Unsuitable for use with bases such as amines, ammonia, alkalis, and
oxidizing agents
Polycarbonate resin
Used extensively in centrifuge tubes and graduated cylinder
Polycarbonate resin
Non-toxic, clear plastic of modified plasticized polyvinyl chloride
Tygon
Flexible at 30C, brittle at 45C and resists dry heat to 95C
Tygon
Used for the manufacture of tubing (i.e, tubing used in
Automated Analyzers)
Tygon
Pure translucent white and inert to corrosive reagents boiling agua regia, nitric and sulphuric acids, boiling hydrocarbons, ketones, esters and alcohols
Telfon-fluorocarbon resin
Used for self-lubricating stopcocks, stirring bars, bottle cap liners
and tubing because of its anti-adhesive properties
Telfon fluorocarbon resin
Can resist extreme temperatures ranging from 270C to 255C
Telfon flurocarbon resin
Mercury does not wet glass and pipette
calibrated this way will contain but not
deliver the started volume
TC (To Contain) Pipette
Rate of delivery must never be hastened by
blowing
TD (To Deliver) Pipette
An etched ring is seen near the
mouthpiece
“To Blow-Out” Pipette
The user allows the contents of the pipette
to drain by gravity
Self Draining pipette
Has the greatest degree of accuracy and
precision and self draining
Volumetric / transfer Pipette
Used in measuring viscous fluids –Measures smaller volume and blow out pipette
Ostwald folin pipette
Used to deliver an amount of liquid
contained between two calibration on
marks
Graduated/measuring Pipette
The rate of fall of liquid is much too fast. It has Has an etched band on the suction and blow out pipette
Serologic Pipette
The rate of fall of liquid is much too fast. It has Has an etched band on the suction and blow out pipette
Serologic Pipette
Calibration lies between two marks without graduations to the top and Self-draining pipette
Mohr Pipette
To contain” pipette which is calibrated with mercury
Micropipettes
No calibration and it For biologic fluid without specific volume
Pasteur Pipette
Is the most routinely used pipette
Automatic Pipette
Advantages: automatic pipette
–o Time savings
–o Safety
–o Stability
–o Ease of use
–o Increase in precision
–o Lack of required cleaning
Tips (contaminated) are often disposabl
Automatic pipette
Type of automatic pipette uses
o Air displacement (no contact with water)
–o Positive Displacement ( work as syringe, tip is not disposable)
–o Displacement Dilutor ( used bacteriology)
Should be made of glass that is
resistant to many chemicals used
and resistant to heat
Beaker
Used for general mixing and
reagent preparation
Beaker
Wide, straight-sided cylindrical
vessels and are available in many
sizes in several forms
Beaker
Used to measure volumes of liquids when
high degree of accuracy is not
essential
Graduated measuring cylinder
pear shaped flasks and Used to contain a specific amount of
volume of liquid
Volumetric flasks
Precision is up to 1/1000 of a gram
Analytical balance
Classes of Balance:
- Number of Pans (Single or Double)
- Mechanical or Electronic
- Operating Ranges
Precision is up to 0.1 gram
Rough/platform balance
CENTRIFUGE types
–Fixed-angle head
–Swinging-bucket type
–Ultracentrifuge
–Tachometer
–Strobe light
Is a substance that occurs naturally or is obtained through
a chemical process
Chemical
Defined as any substances employed to produce a chemical reaction
Reagent
The following are general description of the various
grades of chemicals available for the clinical
laboratory
Grades of chemical
These chemicals are of a high degree of purity and
are used often in the preparation of reagents in the
clinical laboratory for many reagent grade or AR
chemicals, and those that meet their standards are
designed by the letter ACS (American Chemical
Society)
Reagent Grade / Analytic Reagent (AR) Grade
These chemicals are sufficiently pure to be used in many analyses
in the clinical laboratory However, the designation does not reveal
the limits of impurities
Chemically Pure (CP) Grade
They are generally less pure than CP grade, as the
tolerance is specified such as they are not injurious to
health rather than chemically pure
United States Pharmacopia (USP) and National
Formulary (NF) Grade
These chemicals are used only for industrial
purposes and are generally not used in the
preparation of reagents for the clinical laboratory
Technical / Commercial Grade
These agencies or bureaus all supply certified clinical
laboratory standards
National Bureau of Standards, College of American
Pathologists and the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory
Standards (NCCLS)
Standard: Highly purified chemicals which may be weighed out directly in the
preparation of solutions of selected known concentration
Primary standard
Standard: A prepared solution whose concentrations is determined by an
analysis of an aliquot amount of the solution using primary
standard and acceptable reference method.
Secondary standard
It is actually a sample in which the chemical composition and the
physical characteristics stimulate the specimen being analyzed
Reference standard/ control material
These samples are useful for proficiency testing, inter-
laboratory surveys and in the calibration of reference
materials (commercial) kits and reagent sets
Reference standard/ control material
Type of water: from distillation process
Distilled water
Type of water: from ion-exchange process
Deionized water
Type of water: from ion-exchange process
Deionized water
Type of water: uses pressure to force water to move
through a semipermeable membrane
Reverse osmosis water
Type of water: UV light, sterilization, ozone treatment
Ultra filtration
Type of water: CLSI (Clinical Laboratory Standards
Institute) recommends
Reagent grade water
Reagent grade water:
A. Clinical Laboratory Reagent Water
B. Special R.W.
C. Instrument Feed Water
D. Water supplied by the Method Manufacturer
E. Autoclave and Wash Water
F. Commercially bottled purified water
Water Parameters:
–Microbiological content
–pH
–Resistivity
–Silicate
–Particulate matter
–Organics
Water purity categories: used for the test methods which requires
minimum interferences (e.g. Trace metal, iron and
enzyme analyses)
Type 1
Water purity categories: acceptable for most analytic requirements
(e.g. Reagent, Q.C, standards preparation)
Type 2
Water purity categories: autoclave, wash water
Type 3
Water Filtration:
•Glass
• Cotton
• Activate charcoal
• Submicron filters
Chemical agents that prevent the coagulation or clotting of blood
are anticoagulants.
Anticoagulant
Removing the Ca from the blood by precipitation of binding in
unionized form
Tri-Sodium Citrate and EDTA
Neutralization of thrombin
heparin
Precipitation of Ca as insoluble salt
Oxalate
