Lab: Opisthakonta and Fungi Flashcards
Fungi are not photosynthetic, because they do not have chlorophyll. Most fungi are multicellular, but some are unicellular. Most fungi are absorptive heterotrophs, meaning that they absorb food instead of ingesting it.
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Fungi digest food externally by releasing enzymes to break down their food source. They have hyphae that are responsible for ultimately absorbing things
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Zygomycota is a phylum of fungi includes the common bread mold. Zygomycota are not monophyletic. Instead, they are polyphyletic. They can reproduce asexually and sexually.
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Ascomycota, (sac fungi), usually reproduce sexually and internally via an ascus. An ascus often contains 8 asco-spores. The plural of ascus is “asci” and one single fruiting body, called an ascocarp, may contain many asci.
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Basidiomycota reproduce both sexually and sexually. During sexual reproduction, they produce basidio-spores within a structure that is called a basidium. The portions of the mushrooms that you see in grocery stores are called basidiocarps.
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Yeast is not a taxonomic classification. Yeasts are considered ascomycetes (part of ascomycota). There are several species of yeasts, and all are unicellular. Saccharoyces cerevisiae are used to bake bread and brew beer.
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Mychorrhizal are symbiotic fungi take carbohydrates produced by plants and in return, provide the plant with water and mineral absorption at the plant roots. Lichens are symbiotic ascomycota that work together with cyanobacteria or green algae or even other fungi
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Chanoflagellates have collar cells, called choanocytes. they look like the collared cells found in sponges, cnidarians, and echinoderms.
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Zygomycota use zygosporangia, which produce zygotes, to reproduce. Fungi are classified by the sexual reproductive methods and structures. Zygomycota create zygotes to reproduce.
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Ascomycota have asci, which create ascopores to reproduce. Basidiomycota have basidia structures to make basidispores. Basidiomycota include club fungi, our typical grocery store mushrooms. bracket/shelf fungi, and coprinus.
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Sponges are considered to be part of the Porifera phylum. They are not symmetrical. They have some specialized cells and are not very unique. In a sponge, choanocytes pull water into the sponge and through the ostia, and the collar of the choanocyte will help trap food particles thanks to their microvilli collar.
Their other cells, called amoebocytes, will digest the food and deliver nutrients into the sponge. The leftover water will be pushed into the sponge and exit through the osculum. The ostia are thin holes on the side. The osculum is a big giant hole towards the top. Sponge sicule are very sharp and small. They feel like splinters and songes can “shoot” the spicules out.
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Radiata is the collective term for ctenophora and cnidarians. All. Cnidarians have stinging cells, called nematocysts, which sting and even poison prey. Ctenohores have colloblasts, which are sticky mucus-like cells which trap food.
Both ctenophores and cnidarians have mesoglea between their ectoderm and endoderm layers and radial symmetry.
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Cnidarians include hydra, jellyfish, box jellies, corals, and sea anemones. The only ctenophores that exist are comb jellies, NOT box jellies. The various types of cnidarians can be further classified into clades.
Clade Hydrozoa: Hydras, obelia, and physalia genuses (such as the Portuguese man-of-war). These have to be prepared in slides and preserved.
Clade Anthozoa: Sea anemones and corals. They must be preserved or alive in tanks.
Clade Scyphozoa: Cassiopeia genus, also called upside-down jelly fishes.
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Septa are the walls that separate fungal cells
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Chitin is the polysaccharide that makes up the cell walls of fungi.
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