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Basic Anatomy > (Lab) Nervous System/Respiratory System/Blood & Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

(Lab) Nervous System/Respiratory System/Blood & Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Microanatomy of a Neuron

A
  • Soma
  • Dendrite
  • Axon Hillock
  • Axon
  • Axon Bulb
  • Schwann Cells (in PNS)
  • Oligodendrocytes (in CNS)
  • Node of Ranvier (signal jumps from node to node)
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2
Q

Spinal Cord (spinal meninges)

A
  • Dura Mater (outer)
  • Arachnoid Mater (middle)
  • Pia Mater (inner)
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3
Q

Spinal Cord (gray matter)

A
  • central canal (contains cerebrospinal fluid)
  • dorsal horn
  • ventral horn
  • lateral horn
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4
Q

Spinal Cord (white matter)- myelinated axons

A

*Total number of spinal nerves= 31

  • ventral root
  • dorsal root
  • dorsal root ganglion (bulbous)
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5
Q

Structures of brain (cerebrum)

A

cerebrum: language, decision making, conscious thought

Lobes of cerebrum

  • frontal
  • parietal
  • occipital
  • temporal
  • insula (inside)
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6
Q

Structures of brain (cerebrum cont.)

A

total # of cranial nerves= 12 pairs

Cerebral Hemispheres: R & L halves of brain

Sulci: grooves of the brain

Gyri: ridges of brain

Longitudinal Fissure: runs down middle of brain (seperates halves)

*Corpus Callosum: fiber tract connecting cerebral hemispheres

*Cerebral Cortex ( whole cerebral area)

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7
Q

Structures of brain (random)

A
  • Optic Chiasma
  • Olfactory Bulb
  • *Mammillary Bodies: recollective memory (balls of brain)
  • *Thalamus: receiving, processing, transfer center
  • *Hypothalamus- maintains homeostasis
  • Pituitary Gland (saggy balls)
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8
Q

Structures of brain (random cont.)

A
  • *Cerebellum: coordination and muscle memory
  • Arbor Vitae: white matter of cerebellum
  • *Pons: (sensations) taste, hearing, breathing
  • * Medulla Oblongata: respiratory center, heart rate, blood pressure
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid
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9
Q

Meninges & Spaces of Brain

A
  • Dura Mater: outer layer of brain (hard to tear or rip)
  • Subdural Space: beneath dura mater
  • Epidural Space
  • Arachnoid Mater: middle (white,spider like)
  • *Subarachnoid Space: contains CSF, arteries, and veins
  • Pia Mater- inside (on brain)
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10
Q

Ventricles

A
  • *Lateral Ventricles: circulate nutrients/remove waste (CSF circulation)
  • *Septum Pellucidum: partition of portion of lateral ventricles
  • *Third Ventricle: flow of CSF to 4th ventricle (by hypothalamus)
  • *Fourth Ventricle: where bulk of CSF circulates into suvarachnoid space (between pons and cerebellum)
  • *Cerebral Aqueduct: connects third ventricle to fourth ventricle in pons and medulla

*Choroid Plexus: forms cerebrospinal fluid (red wormy thing)

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11
Q

Reflex Terminology

A

Ipsilateral Response: any reflex occurring on same side stimulater

Contralateral Response: side of body is stimulated and opposite side reponds with reflex

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12
Q

Components of Reflex Arc

A
  • Receptor: site that receives the stimulus
  • Sensory Neuron: conducts afferent (in) impulses to CNS
  • Integration Center: one or more synapses in CNS
  • Motor Neuron: conducts efferent (out) impulses to effector from integration center
  • Effector: responds to efferent impulses by contracting or secreting a product
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13
Q

Classification of Reflexes

A
  • Somatic Reflex: stimulates skeletal muscles
    a. Flexor (withdrawal) reflex
    b. Crossed extensor reflex
    c. Stretch Reflex: maintains posture, balance, locomotion
  • Autonomic Reflex: automatic
    a. Pupillary light reflex
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14
Q

Upper Respiratory Tract

A

Nasal Cavity

  • Nares: nostrils
  • Nasal Septum: divides nostrils
  • Conchae: look like gills(increase air turbulence)

Paranasal Sinuses

  • Frontal: on forehead
  • Maxillary: on each side of nose
  • Pharynx: (whole tube) nasopharynx, oropahrynx, laryngopharynx
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15
Q

Lower Respiratory Tract

A
  • Epiglottis: cartilage flap that routes air and food
  • Glottis: slitlike passage between voacal folds
  • Larynx: tube toward front (epiglottis, vocal cords)
  • Thyroid Cartilage- below epiglottis (part of larynx)
  • Laryngeal Prominence (adams apple) (part of larynx)
  • Trachea: composed of hylaine cartilage rings (ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium)

Bronchi- primary (larger branch) secondary (smaller branch)

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16
Q

Lungs

A
  • right side= 3 lobes
  • left side= 2 lobes
  • Alveoli: air filled sacs
  • Respiratory Membrane: alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes
17
Q

Pleural Membrane

A
  • Visceral Pleura: inner layer (covers the lungs)
  • Parietal Pleura: outer layer (attached to thoracic walls and diaphragm)
  • Pleural Cavity: seperation of two pleural layers (inbetween/reduces friction)
18
Q

Mechanics of Breathing

A
  • Inspiration: inhaling (volume increases)
  • Expiration: exhaling (volume decreases)
19
Q

Muscles of Respiration

A
  • Diaphragm: seperates abdominal and thoracic cavities
  • External Intercostals
20
Q

Lung Volumes and Capacities

A
  • Tidal Volume: volume of air inhaled and exhaled with each normal respiration (500ml)
  • Inspiratory Reserve Volume: volume of air that can be forcibly inhaled following a normal inspiration (1900-3000ml)
  • Expiratory Reserve Volume: volume of air that can be forcible exhaled after a normal expiration (700-1200ml)
21
Q

Lung Volumes and Capacities Cont.

A
  • Residual Volume: amount of air remaining in lungs after maximal expiratory effort (1200ml)
  • Total Lung Capacity: the amount of air the lungs can hold after total inspiration (6000ml)
  • Vital Capacity: total exchangable air of the lungs (3600-4800ml)
  • Minute Respiratory Volume: TV x respiratory rate (f)
22
Q

Formed Elements of Blood

A
  • Platelets: take part in blood clotting
  • Erythrocytes: (red blood cells) transport O2 and CO2
  • Leukocytes: (white blood cells) immune defense (1%)
23
Q

Leukocytes (WBCs) —-Agranulocytes

A

Agranulocytes

  • Monocytes: phagocytes (increase during chronic infections) largest leukocyte (3-8%)
  • Lymphocytes: smalles leukocyte/warriors of immune system (25-45%)
24
Q

Leukocytes (WBCs)——Granulocytes

A
  • Neutrophils: active phagocyte/increase during acute infection (60%)
  • Eosinophils: increase during allergies and parasitic infections (2-4%)
  • Basophils: mediates inflammatory response w/histamine (0.5-1%)
25
Q

Plasma

A

-fluid matrix of blood where cells and fragments are suspended

26
Q

Antigens, Antibodies, and Agglutination

A
  • Antigens: non-self protein, foreign to body
  • Antibodies: defensive protein/directed against specific antigens
  • Agglutination: clumping together of cells induced by cross linking of antigen-antibody complexes
27
Q

Rh Factor, Rhogam

A
  • Rh Factor: red blood cell surface antigen. determines immune response
  • Rhogam: anti Rh antibodies (pregnant women with - blood receive this)
28
Q

Hematocrit/Hematocrit test

A
  • Hematocrit: amount of whole blood consisting of RBCs
  • Hematocrit Test: taking blood sample & seperating plasma and formed elements in a centrifuge
29
Q

Blood Disorders

A
  • Anemia: reduction of oxygen carrying capacity of RBCs
  • Polycythemia: increase in hemoglobin
30
Q

Heart Anatomy

A
  • Base: whole top area of heart
  • Apex: point (bottom)
  • Atria, L&R: top chambers
  • Auricles, L&R: outer/upper flaps (cover atria)
  • Ventricles, L&R: bottom chambers
  • Interventricular Septum: divides ventricles
  • Papillary Muscle: look like nipple/attach to AV valves

Chordae Tendinae: look like cords

31
Q

Heart Valves

A

Atrioventricular Valves

  • Tricuspid (right side)
  • Bicuspid (left side)

Semilunar Valves

  • Aortic Semilunar Valve
  • Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
32
Q

Layers of the Heart Wall

A
  • Epicardium: outer layer
  • Myocardium: middle layer
  • Endocardium: inner lining of ventricles
33
Q

Serous Membrane

A

Pericardium: protects the heart

  • Parietal Pericardium: lines inside of pericarium
  • Visceral Pericardium: covers external heart
  • Pericaridal Cavity
34
Q

Great Vessels

A
  • Inferior/superior vena cava
  • Pulmonary Trunk
  • Pulmonary Arteries L&R (branch off pumonary trunk)
  • Pulmonary Veins L&R

Aorta

  • Ascending Aorta
  • Aortic Arch
  • Descending Aorta
35
Q

Coronary Vessels and Sulcus

A
  • Coronary Sulcus
  • Left Coronary Artery
  • Right Coronary Artery
  • Coronary Sinus
36
Q

Blood Vessel Anatomy

A

Tunics

  • Tunica Intima
  • Tunica Media
  • Tunic Externa
37
Q

Circulation

A
  • Pulmonary Circulation: lungs
  • Systemic Circulation: rest of body
  • Cardiac Circulation

Basic Anatomy (5 decks)

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