(Lab) Nervous System/Respiratory System/Blood & Cardiovascular System Flashcards
Microanatomy of a Neuron
- Soma
- Dendrite
- Axon Hillock
- Axon
- Axon Bulb
- Schwann Cells (in PNS)
- Oligodendrocytes (in CNS)
- Node of Ranvier (signal jumps from node to node)
Spinal Cord (spinal meninges)
- Dura Mater (outer)
- Arachnoid Mater (middle)
- Pia Mater (inner)
Spinal Cord (gray matter)
- central canal (contains cerebrospinal fluid)
- dorsal horn
- ventral horn
- lateral horn
Spinal Cord (white matter)- myelinated axons
*Total number of spinal nerves= 31
- ventral root
- dorsal root
- dorsal root ganglion (bulbous)
Structures of brain (cerebrum)
cerebrum: language, decision making, conscious thought
Lobes of cerebrum
- frontal
- parietal
- occipital
- temporal
- insula (inside)
Structures of brain (cerebrum cont.)
total # of cranial nerves= 12 pairs
Cerebral Hemispheres: R & L halves of brain
Sulci: grooves of the brain
Gyri: ridges of brain
Longitudinal Fissure: runs down middle of brain (seperates halves)
*Corpus Callosum: fiber tract connecting cerebral hemispheres
*Cerebral Cortex ( whole cerebral area)
Structures of brain (random)
- Optic Chiasma
- Olfactory Bulb
- *Mammillary Bodies: recollective memory (balls of brain)
- *Thalamus: receiving, processing, transfer center
- *Hypothalamus- maintains homeostasis
- Pituitary Gland (saggy balls)
Structures of brain (random cont.)
- *Cerebellum: coordination and muscle memory
- Arbor Vitae: white matter of cerebellum
- *Pons: (sensations) taste, hearing, breathing
- * Medulla Oblongata: respiratory center, heart rate, blood pressure
- Cerebrospinal Fluid
Meninges & Spaces of Brain
- Dura Mater: outer layer of brain (hard to tear or rip)
- Subdural Space: beneath dura mater
- Epidural Space
- Arachnoid Mater: middle (white,spider like)
- *Subarachnoid Space: contains CSF, arteries, and veins
- Pia Mater- inside (on brain)
Ventricles
- *Lateral Ventricles: circulate nutrients/remove waste (CSF circulation)
- *Septum Pellucidum: partition of portion of lateral ventricles
- *Third Ventricle: flow of CSF to 4th ventricle (by hypothalamus)
- *Fourth Ventricle: where bulk of CSF circulates into suvarachnoid space (between pons and cerebellum)
- *Cerebral Aqueduct: connects third ventricle to fourth ventricle in pons and medulla
*Choroid Plexus: forms cerebrospinal fluid (red wormy thing)
Reflex Terminology
Ipsilateral Response: any reflex occurring on same side stimulater
Contralateral Response: side of body is stimulated and opposite side reponds with reflex
Components of Reflex Arc
- Receptor: site that receives the stimulus
- Sensory Neuron: conducts afferent (in) impulses to CNS
- Integration Center: one or more synapses in CNS
- Motor Neuron: conducts efferent (out) impulses to effector from integration center
- Effector: responds to efferent impulses by contracting or secreting a product
Classification of Reflexes
- Somatic Reflex: stimulates skeletal muscles
a. Flexor (withdrawal) reflex
b. Crossed extensor reflex
c. Stretch Reflex: maintains posture, balance, locomotion - Autonomic Reflex: automatic
a. Pupillary light reflex
Upper Respiratory Tract
Nasal Cavity
- Nares: nostrils
- Nasal Septum: divides nostrils
- Conchae: look like gills(increase air turbulence)
Paranasal Sinuses
- Frontal: on forehead
- Maxillary: on each side of nose
- Pharynx: (whole tube) nasopharynx, oropahrynx, laryngopharynx
Lower Respiratory Tract
- Epiglottis: cartilage flap that routes air and food
- Glottis: slitlike passage between voacal folds
- Larynx: tube toward front (epiglottis, vocal cords)
- Thyroid Cartilage- below epiglottis (part of larynx)
- Laryngeal Prominence (adams apple) (part of larynx)
- Trachea: composed of hylaine cartilage rings (ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium)
Bronchi- primary (larger branch) secondary (smaller branch)
Lungs
- right side= 3 lobes
- left side= 2 lobes
- Alveoli: air filled sacs
- Respiratory Membrane: alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes
Pleural Membrane
- Visceral Pleura: inner layer (covers the lungs)
- Parietal Pleura: outer layer (attached to thoracic walls and diaphragm)
- Pleural Cavity: seperation of two pleural layers (inbetween/reduces friction)
Mechanics of Breathing
- Inspiration: inhaling (volume increases)
- Expiration: exhaling (volume decreases)
Muscles of Respiration
- Diaphragm: seperates abdominal and thoracic cavities
- External Intercostals
Lung Volumes and Capacities
- Tidal Volume: volume of air inhaled and exhaled with each normal respiration (500ml)
- Inspiratory Reserve Volume: volume of air that can be forcibly inhaled following a normal inspiration (1900-3000ml)
- Expiratory Reserve Volume: volume of air that can be forcible exhaled after a normal expiration (700-1200ml)
Lung Volumes and Capacities Cont.
- Residual Volume: amount of air remaining in lungs after maximal expiratory effort (1200ml)
- Total Lung Capacity: the amount of air the lungs can hold after total inspiration (6000ml)
- Vital Capacity: total exchangable air of the lungs (3600-4800ml)
- Minute Respiratory Volume: TV x respiratory rate (f)
Formed Elements of Blood
- Platelets: take part in blood clotting
- Erythrocytes: (red blood cells) transport O2 and CO2
- Leukocytes: (white blood cells) immune defense (1%)
Leukocytes (WBCs) —-Agranulocytes
Agranulocytes
- Monocytes: phagocytes (increase during chronic infections) largest leukocyte (3-8%)
- Lymphocytes: smalles leukocyte/warriors of immune system (25-45%)
Leukocytes (WBCs)——Granulocytes
- Neutrophils: active phagocyte/increase during acute infection (60%)
- Eosinophils: increase during allergies and parasitic infections (2-4%)
- Basophils: mediates inflammatory response w/histamine (0.5-1%)
Plasma
-fluid matrix of blood where cells and fragments are suspended
Antigens, Antibodies, and Agglutination
- Antigens: non-self protein, foreign to body
- Antibodies: defensive protein/directed against specific antigens
- Agglutination: clumping together of cells induced by cross linking of antigen-antibody complexes
Rh Factor, Rhogam
- Rh Factor: red blood cell surface antigen. determines immune response
- Rhogam: anti Rh antibodies (pregnant women with - blood receive this)
Hematocrit/Hematocrit test
- Hematocrit: amount of whole blood consisting of RBCs
- Hematocrit Test: taking blood sample & seperating plasma and formed elements in a centrifuge
Blood Disorders
- Anemia: reduction of oxygen carrying capacity of RBCs
- Polycythemia: increase in hemoglobin
Heart Anatomy
- Base: whole top area of heart
- Apex: point (bottom)
- Atria, L&R: top chambers
- Auricles, L&R: outer/upper flaps (cover atria)
- Ventricles, L&R: bottom chambers
- Interventricular Septum: divides ventricles
- Papillary Muscle: look like nipple/attach to AV valves
Chordae Tendinae: look like cords
Heart Valves
Atrioventricular Valves
- Tricuspid (right side)
- Bicuspid (left side)
Semilunar Valves
- Aortic Semilunar Valve
- Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
Layers of the Heart Wall
- Epicardium: outer layer
- Myocardium: middle layer
- Endocardium: inner lining of ventricles
Serous Membrane
Pericardium: protects the heart
- Parietal Pericardium: lines inside of pericarium
- Visceral Pericardium: covers external heart
- Pericaridal Cavity
Great Vessels
- Inferior/superior vena cava
- Pulmonary Trunk
- Pulmonary Arteries L&R (branch off pumonary trunk)
- Pulmonary Veins L&R
Aorta
- Ascending Aorta
- Aortic Arch
- Descending Aorta
Coronary Vessels and Sulcus
- Coronary Sulcus
- Left Coronary Artery
- Right Coronary Artery
- Coronary Sinus
Blood Vessel Anatomy
Tunics
- Tunica Intima
- Tunica Media
- Tunic Externa
Circulation
- Pulmonary Circulation: lungs
- Systemic Circulation: rest of body
- Cardiac Circulation
