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BIOL 215 > Lab Midterm #2 > Flashcards

Lab Midterm #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Mark and Recapture

A

Used to estimate population size
Capture individuals, mark them and release
Recapture and count marked individuals

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2
Q

Absolute Abundance

A

The overall abundance of an ecosystem, not looking at different abundances in individual taxa

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3
Q

Petersen Method

A

When a population is closed and a single mark is used then we employ this method

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4
Q

Schnabel Method

A

This is an extension of the Petersen method were multiple samples are used

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5
Q

Jolly-Seber Method

A

When populations are open we use this method
Individuals are marked and location/time is recorded
When it is resampled you can understand how much it has moved

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6
Q

6 Assumptions of the Petersen method

A

The marking method does not affect the individual

Mark must last for the entire sample period

Marked animals must disperse completely between the time of release and the time of the next sample

The likelihood of an animal being captured must not change with its age

The population is closed (no immigration or immigration)

There are no births or deaths during the study`

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7
Q

Biogeography

A

A part of ecology that attempts to document and explain where organisms live, what diversity is present, and biological reasons why they are found in certain areas

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8
Q

Robert MacArthur and E.O. Wilson

A

combined some of the ideas that were observed for patterns of diversity on islands.
Formalization of Theory of Island Biogeography (IBT)

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9
Q

Island Biotas

A

The plants and animals that you find on island areas (isolated habitats)

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10
Q

What does island diversity reflect?

A

Diversity of mainland (source area), size of the island and distance the island is from source (mainland)

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11
Q

Relationship between island size and distance from the source?

A

Larger islands tend to have higher species #’s as do islands that are closer to the mainland.

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12
Q

Biodiversity

A

the measure of the relative density among organisms present in different ecosystems

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13
Q

Broadened biodiversity statement

A

the integration of biological variability across all scales (from genes to landscapes) and can be thought of as processes that occur at the structural, compositional and functional levels of biological organization

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14
Q

The ultimate goal of recording biological diversity

A

build a factual foundation for answering basic questions about evolution and ecology

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15
Q

What is accelerating the global biodiversity crisis? (2)

A

Habitat loss and the consequence of species assemblages that cannot adapt to large and rapid habitat alterations

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16
Q

Factors that influence the collection of biodiversity? (6)

A 
Temporal sequencing 
Size of area 
Sample design 
Type of collecting method used 
Environment sampled
Taxa of interest
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17
Q

The distinction between the two sampling strategies? (Individual-based or sample-based)

A

Individual-based: represented by collector curves

Sample-based: Represented by the choice of sampling methods

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18
Q

Bear feeding behaviour at Bag Harbour

A

They selectively choose females during the day for their eggs
Capture most of their salmon at night, these are normally males as they are larger (easier to catch)
Most salmon consumed is male
Most predation is on post-reproductive salmon, has minimal effect on reproduction however
This is because they mostly have already spawned

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19
Q

d15N

A

This is the amount of nitrogen that exists within organisms
This varies from ecosystem to ecosystem
The atmospheric nitrogen is constant, but what gets into soil is variable

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20
Q

Theory of Island Biogeography (IBT)

A

Diversity on islands reflects the diversity of the mainland source, distance from the mainland and size of the island
Bigger distance from the island and smaller island have lower biodiversity

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21
Q

The goal of recording biological diversity?

A

build a factual foundation for answering basic questions about evolution and ecology

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22
Q

Factors that influenced the collection of biodiversity data (6)

A 
Temporal sequencing 
Size of area 
Type of sample design 
Type of collecting method 
Environment sampled 
Taxa of interest
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23
Q

2 Sampling Strategies

A

Individual-based protocols (collector curves)

Sample-based protocols: choice of sampling methods (transects and quadrants)

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24
Q

What determines the Immigration rate on the island (2)

A

Distance, # spp. remaining in mainland pool (probability of species to disperse)

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25
Q

What determines the extinction rate on the island (2)

A

Island area, # of species on the island (probability of species to go extinct)

26
Q

Hypothetical Model Curves (4)

A

Broken Stick model
Log-normal series
Log series
Geometric series

27
Q

The goal of the FACE project

A

Free air carbon enrichment

To establish a roadmap for implementing metagenomic analysis of soil communities across several FACE sites

28
Q

Effects of fragmentation on species diversity (5)

A 
Loss of original habitat 
Reduction of remnant patch size
Increasing isolation of remnant patches 
Degree of connectedness 
Edge effects
29
Q

Diptera

A

Two-winged flies or true flies

30
Q

Coleoptera

A

These are the beetles

Hard bodied

31
Q

Collembola

A

There are the springtails

Widest distribution of any hexapod group

32
Q

Psocoptera

A

Barklice or booklice

33
Q

Hymenoptera

A

Bees, wasps, ants

34
Q

Lepidoptera

A

These are the butterflies and moths

35
Q

Thysanoptera

A

Thrips

Perhaps the smallest of the flying insects

36
Q

Araneae

A

These are the spiders

37
Q

Acari

A

These are the mites

38
Q

Opiliones

A

Daddy long-legs or harvestmen spiders

Not true spiders

39
Q

Terrestrial Isopoda

A

Pill bugs

40
Q

Chilipoda

A

These are the centipedes

41
Q

Diplopoda

A

Milipedes

42
Q

Pseudoscorpiones

A

These are small predacious arachnids

They lack the telson of a true scorpion

43
Q

Terrestrial Gastropoda

A

These are the slugs and snails

44
Q

Oligochaeta

A

These are the worms often called earthworms

45
Q

3 Important Parts of Conservation

A

Knowing the ecology of the animal
The ethical framework
Having a good population estimate

46
Q

Negative Effects of Edges on Biodiversity (5)

A

Edges can cause new species to migrate into the interior forest habitat and increase competition and force out native species

The species living on the edge can become increasingly stressed by the new abiotic environment, making them more prone to disease, predation, and parasites

Amphibians that are adapted to the cool/damp interior may not be able to survive the harsher edge environments

Migratory birds will likely decrease as with specialist bird species, due to more predation

Large mammals will suffer more during winter months with less interior habitat and reduce their numbers

47
Q

What is macroecology

A

Study of broad-scale geographic patterns and processes

48
Q

What general conclusions can you make about species abundances in communities

A

At any given location some species may be very abundant while others may be moderate to low abundance

49
Q

What preservative is typically used in a pitfall trap?

A

50/50 mix of propylene glycol and 70% ethanol

Denatonium benzoate is added to deter mammals

50
Q

4 Methods for Estimating Snow Leopard abundance

A

a. Predator:Prey biomass ratios
b. Capture-recapture density estimation
c. Photo-capture rate
d. Individual identification through genetic analysis

51
Q

7 Points Relating to Wildlife Monitoring using drones

A

Regular monitoring is essential, so drones are beneficial, the drawback is the low operational distance

Studies note the success of drones

Focussed on 4 aspects of what drones could provide: available systems/sensors, survey plans/detection possibilities, anti-poaching, legislation/ethics

Drones are mainly used for cost-effectiveness

Mostly line transects have been used

Contribution to anti-poaching not well documented could be a breakthrough

Legislation is preventing testing all possibilities

52
Q

Multitaxa Approach

A

Using many different taxa that are trophically and taxonomically diverse to look at dominance and species richness

53
Q

Causes of edge in BC forests (4)

A

Logging
Urbanization
Agriculture
Fires

54
Q

Model rank abundance curves (4)

Trends within them

A

Broken stick model (closest nature gets to maximal eveness)
Log Series
Log-normal series
Geometric series

Evenness increases: Geometric:Log:Log-normal: Broken stick
Dominance decreases: Geometric:Log:Log-normal: Broken stick

55
Q

When would Petersen give you a bad estimate (4)

A

Population not closed
Marked animals likely to be re-trapped
Marked animals likely to die
Marks fall off

56
Q

3 Components of Biodiversity

A

Structural
Compositional
Functional

57
Q

Causes of Extinction (6)

A 
Habitat loss
Change in habitat quality 
Habitat fragmentation 
Persecution and exploitation of populations 
Change in the biotic environment 
Climate change
58
Q

2 Components of Diversity

A

Richness and Eveness

59
Q

Simpson diversity index points to note (3)

A

Heavily weighted towards the most abundant species
Less sensitive to species richness
Captures variance of species abundance distribution (Whittaker Plots)

60
Q

Shannon index notes (4)

A

One of the most common diversity indexes
Rare species are taken into account
Sample size is not a major concern
Comparisons of community diversity

61
Q

3 Rules for a Meaningful Hypothesis

A

Reasonably consistent with well-established facts
It is capable of being tested and repeatable
It is falsifiable

BIOL 215 (5 decks)

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