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BIOL 215 > Lab Midterm #2 > Flashcards

Lab Midterm #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Mark and Recapture

A

Used to estimate population size
Capture individuals, mark them and release
Recapture and count marked individuals

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2
Q

Absolute Abundance

A

The overall abundance of an ecosystem, not looking at different abundances in individual taxa

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3
Q

Petersen Method

A

When a population is closed and a single mark is used then we employ this method

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4
Q

Schnabel Method

A

This is an extension of the Petersen method were multiple samples are used

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5
Q

Jolly-Seber Method

A

When populations are open we use this method
Individuals are marked and location/time is recorded
When it is resampled you can understand how much it has moved

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6
Q

6 Assumptions of the Petersen method

A

The marking method does not affect the individual

Mark must last for the entire sample period

Marked animals must disperse completely between the time of release and the time of the next sample

The likelihood of an animal being captured must not change with its age

The population is closed (no immigration or immigration)

There are no births or deaths during the study`

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7
Q

Biogeography

A

A part of ecology that attempts to document and explain where organisms live, what diversity is present, and biological reasons why they are found in certain areas

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8
Q

Robert MacArthur and E.O. Wilson

A

combined some of the ideas that were observed for patterns of diversity on islands.
Formalization of Theory of Island Biogeography (IBT)

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9
Q

Island Biotas

A

The plants and animals that you find on island areas (isolated habitats)

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10
Q

What does island diversity reflect?

A

Diversity of mainland (source area), size of the island and distance the island is from source (mainland)

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11
Q

Relationship between island size and distance from the source?

A

Larger islands tend to have higher species #’s as do islands that are closer to the mainland.

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12
Q

Biodiversity

A

the measure of the relative density among organisms present in different ecosystems

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13
Q

Broadened biodiversity statement

A

the integration of biological variability across all scales (from genes to landscapes) and can be thought of as processes that occur at the structural, compositional and functional levels of biological organization

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14
Q

The ultimate goal of recording biological diversity

A

build a factual foundation for answering basic questions about evolution and ecology

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15
Q

What is accelerating the global biodiversity crisis? (2)

A

Habitat loss and the consequence of species assemblages that cannot adapt to large and rapid habitat alterations

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16
Q

Factors that influence the collection of biodiversity? (6)

A 
Temporal sequencing 
Size of area 
Sample design 
Type of collecting method used 
Environment sampled
Taxa of interest
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17
Q

The distinction between the two sampling strategies? (Individual-based or sample-based)

A

Individual-based: represented by collector curves

Sample-based: Represented by the choice of sampling methods

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18
Q

Bear feeding behaviour at Bag Harbour

A

They selectively choose females during the day for their eggs
Capture most of their salmon at night, these are normally males as they are larger (easier to catch)
Most salmon consumed is male
Most predation is on post-reproductive salmon, has minimal effect on reproduction however
This is because they mostly have already spawned

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19
Q

d15N

A

This is the amount of nitrogen that exists within organisms
This varies from ecosystem to ecosystem
The atmospheric nitrogen is constant, but what gets into soil is variable

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20
Q

Theory of Island Biogeography (IBT)

A

Diversity on islands reflects the diversity of the mainland source, distance from the mainland and size of the island
Bigger distance from the island and smaller island have lower biodiversity

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21
Q

The goal of recording biological diversity?

A

build a factual foundation for answering basic questions about evolution and ecology

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22
Q

Factors that influenced the collection of biodiversity data (6)

A 
Temporal sequencing 
Size of area 
Type of sample design 
Type of collecting method 
Environment sampled 
Taxa of interest
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23
Q

2 Sampling Strategies

A

Individual-based protocols (collector curves)

Sample-based protocols: choice of sampling methods (transects and quadrants)

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24
Q

What determines the Immigration rate on the island (2)

A

Distance, # spp. remaining in mainland pool (probability of species to disperse)

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25
What determines the extinction rate on the island (2)
Island area, # of species on the island (probability of species to go extinct)
26
Hypothetical Model Curves (4)
Broken Stick model Log-normal series Log series Geometric series
27
The goal of the FACE project
Free air carbon enrichment | To establish a roadmap for implementing metagenomic analysis of soil communities across several FACE sites
28
Effects of fragmentation on species diversity (5)
``` Loss of original habitat Reduction of remnant patch size Increasing isolation of remnant patches Degree of connectedness Edge effects ```
29
Diptera
Two-winged flies or true flies
30
Coleoptera
These are the beetles | Hard bodied
31
Collembola
There are the springtails | Widest distribution of any hexapod group
32
Psocoptera
Barklice or booklice
33
Hymenoptera
Bees, wasps, ants
34
Lepidoptera
These are the butterflies and moths
35
Thysanoptera
Thrips | Perhaps the smallest of the flying insects
36
Araneae
These are the spiders
37
Acari
These are the mites
38
Opiliones
Daddy long-legs or harvestmen spiders | Not true spiders
39
Terrestrial Isopoda
Pill bugs
40
Chilipoda
These are the centipedes
41
Diplopoda
Milipedes
42
Pseudoscorpiones
These are small predacious arachnids | They lack the telson of a true scorpion
43
Terrestrial Gastropoda
These are the slugs and snails
44
Oligochaeta
These are the worms often called earthworms
45
3 Important Parts of Conservation
Knowing the ecology of the animal The ethical framework Having a good population estimate
46
Negative Effects of Edges on Biodiversity (5)
Edges can cause new species to migrate into the interior forest habitat and increase competition and force out native species The species living on the edge can become increasingly stressed by the new abiotic environment, making them more prone to disease, predation, and parasites Amphibians that are adapted to the cool/damp interior may not be able to survive the harsher edge environments Migratory birds will likely decrease as with specialist bird species, due to more predation Large mammals will suffer more during winter months with less interior habitat and reduce their numbers
47
What is macroecology
Study of broad-scale geographic patterns and processes
48
What general conclusions can you make about species abundances in communities
At any given location some species may be very abundant while others may be moderate to low abundance
49
What preservative is typically used in a pitfall trap?
50/50 mix of propylene glycol and 70% ethanol | Denatonium benzoate is added to deter mammals
50
4 Methods for Estimating Snow Leopard abundance
a. Predator:Prey biomass ratios b. Capture-recapture density estimation c. Photo-capture rate d. Individual identification through genetic analysis
51
7 Points Relating to Wildlife Monitoring using drones
Regular monitoring is essential, so drones are beneficial, the drawback is the low operational distance Studies note the success of drones Focussed on 4 aspects of what drones could provide: available systems/sensors, survey plans/detection possibilities, anti-poaching, legislation/ethics Drones are mainly used for cost-effectiveness Mostly line transects have been used Contribution to anti-poaching not well documented could be a breakthrough Legislation is preventing testing all possibilities
52
Multitaxa Approach
Using many different taxa that are trophically and taxonomically diverse to look at dominance and species richness
53
Causes of edge in BC forests (4)
Logging Urbanization Agriculture Fires
54
Model rank abundance curves (4) | Trends within them
Broken stick model (closest nature gets to maximal eveness) Log Series Log-normal series Geometric series Evenness increases: Geometric:Log:Log-normal: Broken stick Dominance decreases: Geometric:Log:Log-normal: Broken stick
55
When would Petersen give you a bad estimate (4)
Population not closed Marked animals likely to be re-trapped Marked animals likely to die Marks fall off
56
3 Components of Biodiversity
Structural Compositional Functional
57
Causes of Extinction (6)
``` Habitat loss Change in habitat quality Habitat fragmentation Persecution and exploitation of populations Change in the biotic environment Climate change ```
58
2 Components of Diversity
Richness and Eveness
59
Simpson diversity index points to note (3)
Heavily weighted towards the most abundant species Less sensitive to species richness Captures variance of species abundance distribution (Whittaker Plots)
60
Shannon index notes (4)
One of the most common diversity indexes Rare species are taken into account Sample size is not a major concern Comparisons of community diversity
61
3 Rules for a Meaningful Hypothesis
Reasonably consistent with well-established facts It is capable of being tested and repeatable It is falsifiable

BIOL 215 (5 decks)

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