Lab Mid Term Flashcards
What is anatomy?
The study of structure, form, physical and appearance of the
body.
What is physiology?
The functional aspect of the human body.
List the hierarchy of complexity. (8)
Atoms -> Molecules -> Organelles -> Cells -> Tissues -> Organs -> Organ Systems -> Organisms.
What are the 5 organ systems listed on the review slide?
1, Intergumentary system. (In-teg-U-mentory)
- Skeletal system.
- Muscular system.
- Nervous system.
- Endocrine system
What makes up the Intergumentary (in-teg-U-mentory) system (3) and what are its functions (2)?
What makes up the Skeletal system (3) and what are its functions (2)?
What makes up the Muscular system (2) and what are its functions (2)?
What makes up the Nervous system (3) and what are its functions (2)?
What makes up the Endocrine system (6 -“glands”) and what are its functions (2)?
Which plane is this?
Which plane is this?
Which plane is this?
What does Anterior (ventral) mean?
- Situated at or directed towards the front.
- Opposite of posterior
What does Posterior (dorsal) mean?
- Directed towards or situated at the back.
- Opposite of anterior.
What does Superior (cranial) mean?
- Situated above, or directed upwards
- Can refer to the higher of two (or more) structures, or to the upper surface of a structure.
What does Inferior (caudal) mean?
- Situated below or directed downwards
- Can refer to the lower of two (or more) structures, or to the lower surface of a structure.
What does Medial mean?
- Refers to the middle.
- Situated near the median plane (middle) of the body or the midline of an organ.
What does Lateral mean?
- Refers to the side (either side)
- Situated farther from the median plane of the body or structure.
What do Proximal and Distal mean?
Proximal: Situated nearer to the point of attachment or to the center of the body.
Distal: Situated further from the point of attachment or from the center of the body.
What do Superficial and Deep mean?
Superficial: Situated or occuring on the surface or immediately beneath it.
Deep: Situated away from the surface (further into the body).
Which body cavity is A?
Cranial cavity (contains the brain).
Which body cavity is B?
Vertebral cavity.
Which body cavity is C?
Superior mediastinum.
Which body cavity is D?
Pleural cavity.
Which body cavity is E?
Pericardial cavity (contains the heart).
What is F?
The Diaphragm.
Which body cavity is G?
The Abdomino cavity (Contains the stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, small intestines, and most of the large intestine).
Which body cavity is H?
Pelvic cavity (contains the end of the large intestine, rectum, urinary bladder, and internal reproductive organs).
Which body cavity is I?
Abdominopelvic cavity (contains the Abdominal and Pelvic cavities).
Which body cavity is J?
Ventral body cavity (contains the Thoracic and Abdominopelvic cavities).
Which body cavity is K?
Dorsal cavity.
Which body cavity is L?
Thoracic cavity (contains the Superior mediastinum, Pleural and Pericardial cavities).
What is the Diaphragm?
Muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
What are the two layers of Serous membranes?
Parietal layer
Visceral layer
What is the Pericadium?
Serous membrane lining the heart.
What is the Pleura?
Serous membrane lining the lungs.
What is the Peritoneum?
Serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity and its organs.
What is the Pericardial cavity?
The space between the parietal and visceral layers of the pericardium (heart) serous membrane.
It contains pericardial fluid
What is Mitosis?
- Cell makes an exact cory of itself through cell division.
- Results in two genetically identical diplod cells.
What is meiosis?
- Reproductive cells going through two rounds of cell division
- Resulting is four non-identical haploid cells.
Where is DNA contained?
In chromosomes.
When do chromosomes wrap into sister chromatids?
Exclusively during cell division.
What is a Genome?
An organism’s complete set of DNA including all its genes.
What are histones?
Proteins which DNA molecules wrap around within chromatin.
Together with DNA histones form a nuclesome.
How many chromosomes do Humans normally have?
46
What are the two main phases of a cell’s life cycle?
- Interphase
- Mitotic phase
What are the five phases of Mitosis?
Prophase -> Metaphase -> Anaphase -> Telophase -> Cytokinesis
Which phase of Mitosis is this?
Prophase
Which phase of mitosis is this?
Metaphase
Which phase of mitosis is this?
Anaphase
Which phase of mitosis is this?
Telophase
Which phase of mitosis is this?
Cytokinesis
What is diffusion?
The movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
What is osmosis?
The diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane.
Which solution is Isotonic, which is Hypertonic and which is Hypotonic?
What is tissue?
A mass of similar cells which form discrete regions of organs and perform specific functions.
What are the four types of tissue in the human body?
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Muscle
- Nervous
What are five funtions of the Epithelial tissue?
- Protects deeper tissues from injury and infection
- Senses stimuli
- Absorbs chemicals, including nutrients.
- Produces and releases chemical secretions.
- Excretes waste.
What is the structure of epithelial tissue?
- Apical surface
- Basal surface
- Basement membrane
What is an apical surface?
The surface of an epithelial cell that faces an open area.
What is a basal surface?
The surface of an epithelial cell that faces the basement membrane.
What is a basement membrane?
The layer below the epithelium which anchors it to connective tissue.
Which type of epithelial tissue is this?
Which type of epithelial tissue is this?
Which type of epithelial tissue is this?
What is the difference between simple and stratified cells?
What are pseudostratified epithelium?
Cells which apear stratified but are actually all attached to the basement membrane.
What is Transitional epithelium?
- A type of stratified epithelium
- The cells of the superficial (top) layer change shape when the tissue is stretched (found in the bladder).
What are cell Junctions?
The place where cells are connected to other cells.
What are three functions of cell junctions?
- Keep the cells in place
- Allow the cells to communicate with eachother
- Allow the cells to move substances between them.
What are tight junctions?
- Links between cells by cell-adhesion proteins
- They seal off intercellular space, making it difficult for substances to pass between cells.
What are Desmosomes?
A type of cell junction
What are Gap junctions?
A type of cell junction formed by Conexons which allow materials to pass between cells.
What is a gland?
- A structure that secretes substances
- Composed of epithelial tissue wrapped in connective tissue.
What are Endocrine glands?
Glads which secrete hormones into the blood. No Duct.
What are Exocrine glands?
Glands which secrete products into a duct which contact the surface of epithelium (internal or external).
What is stratum corneum?
The most superior zone of the epidermis made of dead keratinized cells.
What is the stratum basale?
The most inferior zone of the epidermis made of cubodial and columnar shaped cells attached to the basement membrane. It is the site of most mitosis.
What are four types of cell in the stratum basale?
- Melanocytes
- Keratinocytes
- Tactile cells
- Stem cells
What are three types of connective tissue?
- Fibrous connective tissue
- Supportive connective tissue (such as bone)
- Fluid connective tissue (such as blood)
What are fibroblasts?
Cells which secrete matrix proteins.
What is ground substance?
The matrix of loose connective tissue.
What is A?
Ground substance.
What is B?
Elastic fibers.
What is C?
Collagenous fibers.
What is D?
Fibroblasts.
What type of tissue is this and where is it found?
Areolar Tissue
Underlies all epithelia.
What type of tissue is this and where is it found?
Reticular tissue
Found in lymph nodes, spleen, thymus and bone marrow
What type of tissue is this and where is it found?
Dense regular connective tissue
Tendons and ligaments.
What type of tissue is this and where is it found?
Dense irregular connective tissue
Deeper layer of skin; capsules around organs.
What type of tissue is this and where is it found?
Adipose tissue
Beneath the skin around internal organs and in the breast. Found in “Adpise depots”
What type of cartilage is this and where is it found?
Hyaline Cartilage
Fetal skeleton, trachea - moves vocal cords during speech.
What type of cartilage is this and where is it found?
Elastic cartilage
External ear.
What type of cartilage is this and where is it found?
Fibrocratilage
Intervertebral disks (Spine)
What type of tissue is this and where is it found?
Bone
Skeleton.
What type of tissue is this?
Blood
What are Erythrocytes?
Red blood cells
What are Leukocytes?
White blood cells
What are patelets?
Cell fragments in blood which are invloved in clotting.
What are A?
Platelets
What are B?
Neutrophils (most numerous type of white blood cell).
What is C?
Lymphocytes (type of white blood cell).
What is D?
Erythrocytes (red blood cells).
What is E?
Monocyte (type of white blood cell).
What is plasma?
Blood’s liquid ground substance.
