Biology Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the monomers of proteins?

A

Amino Acids.

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2
Q

What are the monomers of lipids?

A

Glycerol and fatty acids. (Polymer is triglyceride).

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3
Q

What are the monomers of nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotides.

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4
Q

What are the monomers of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides.

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5
Q

What is a functional group?

A

A functional group is a group of atoms linked by strong covalent bonds which tend to function in chemical reactions as a single unit.

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6
Q

What are the functions of enzymes?

A

To catalyze chemical reactions in the body.

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of enzymes?

A

a) Enzymes are substrate specific- “Lock and Key”. b) Enzymes contain “active sites”, where they bind with substrates. c) Enzymes are not destroyed by the reactions.

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8
Q

Describe the four steps of an enzymatic reaction.

A

(a) Substrates approach active sites on enzyme. (b) Substrates bind to active sites, producing an enzyme–substrate complex. (c) Changes internal to the enzyme–substrate complex facilitate interaction of the substrates. (d) Products are released and the enzyme returns to its original form.

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9
Q

Describe the four steps of an enzymatic reaction.

A

(a) Substrates approach active sites on enzyme. (b) Substrates bind to active sites, producing an enzyme–substrate complex. (c) Changes internal to the enzyme–substrate complex facilitate interaction of the substrates. (d) Products are released and the enzyme returns to its original form.

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10
Q

What are the four levels of protein structure?

A

a) Primary structure -Sequence of amino acids joined by peptide bonds. b) Secondary structure - Alpha helix or beta sheet formed by hydrogen bonding. c) Tertiary structure - Folding and coiling due to further folding and bonding of the secondary structure. d) Quaternary structure - Association of two or more polypeptide chains with each other.

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11
Q

What are saturated fatty acids?

A

Fatty acid chains that contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms (no double carbon bonds).

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12
Q

What are unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Fatty acids with one or more double carbon bonds.

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13
Q

What are trans fatty acids?

A

Unsaturated fatty acids which have been chemically treated to produce partially hydrogenated fats.

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14
Q

What is the reaction used to form ATP using glucose?

A

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP (Glucose + 6 Oxygen2 = 6 Carbon Dioxide + 6 Water + ATP).

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15
Q

What are cilia?

A

Hair-like appendages found on certain cells. Cilia move mucus and its trapped particles up the airways out of the lungs.

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16
Q

What are flagella?

A

An appendage specialized for cell locomotion. The only flagellated cell in humans is the sperm cell (its tail is a flagella).

17
Q

What are microvilli?

A

Stationary wave like extensions of the cell membrane that serve primarily to increase a cell’s surface area and are specialized for absorption.

18
Q

What are the functions of the phospholipid bilayer?

A

a) To maintain a barrier between the cell and its external environment b) To store and transport many of the proteins essential to the cell’s function.

19
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

A mechanism of molecules moving across a cell membrane from the side where they are more concentrated to the side where they are less concentrated. (passive transport).

20
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

A diffusion process used for those substances that cannot cross the lipid bilayer due to their size, charge and/or polarity. They are able to diffuse with the help of proteins in the cell membrane such as channel proteins and carrier proteins. (passive transport).

21
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane. (passive transport).

22
Q

What is active transport?

A

The transportation of a substance across a membrane (often against the concentration gradient), with the use of ATP.

23
Q

What is secondary active transport?

A

The passive transport of a substance which is powered by the action of an active transport.

24
Q

What is symport?

A

The facilitated diffusion of two or more substance in the same direction at the same time.

25
Q

What is antiport?

A

The facilitated diffusion of two or more substances in opposite directions across a cell membrane.

26
Q

How does a Na ATP pump function?

A

Powered by ATP, the pump moves sodium and potassium ions in opposite directions across a cell membrane, each against its concentration gradient. In a single cycle of the pump, three sodium ions are extruded from and two potassium ions are imported into the cell.

27
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

The process of a cell ingesting extra cellular material by enveloping it in a portion of its cell membrane (with material attached to its exterior) and then pinching off that portion of membrane.

28
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

The process of a cell exporting material by packaging it in a vesicular transport which fuses to the cell membrane and releases the content to extracellular space.

29
Q

What are the functions of membrane proteins?

A

a)To selectively allows particular materials, such as certain ions, to pass into or out of the cell. b) To serve to mark a cell’s identity so that it can be recognized by other cells.

30
Q

What is the function of cholesterol in the cell membrane?

A

To contribute to the fluidity of the membrane.

31
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrate chains in a cell membrane?

A

a) To aid in cell recognition. b) To form the glycoclayx which allows cells to bind together and may contain receptors for hormones.