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Diagnostic Modalities > Lab Med > Flashcards

Lab Med Flashcards

1
Q

Qualitative results indicate….

A

absent or present

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2
Q

Semi-qualitative results indicate…

A

absent/trace/mod/marked

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3
Q

Quantitative results indicate…

A

unit of measurement

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4
Q

NPO means

A

nothing by mouth (fasting)

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5
Q

PP or PC means

A

post-prandial or after eating

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6
Q

accuracy

A

closeness or agreement of a measurement o it “true” value

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7
Q

precision

A

measurement of the reproducibility of a result

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8
Q

seNsitivity
true positive
false negative

A
  • indicates how often false negatives will be encountered (90% sensitive means 10% of results are falsely negative)
  • probability to correctly identify those that have the disease
  • reflects those with the disease who test positive
  • reflects those with the disease that test negative
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9
Q

sPecificity
true negative
false positive

A
  • indicates how often false positives will be encountered (98% specific means 2% of results are falsely positive)
  • probability to correctly identify those who do not have the disease
  • reflects those without the disease that test negative
  • reflects those without the disease that test positive
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10
Q

tests used to rule out a disease must have high

A

sensitivity (SNout)

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11
Q

tests used to rule in or confirm a disease must have high

A

specificity (Spin)

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12
Q

Blood makes up what % of total body weight and is how many liters?

A

6-8%, 5 L

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13
Q

Plasma vs

Serum

A

Plasma-from anticoagulated blood, has clotting factor, makes up 45-60% of blood volume
Serum-from clotted blood, has no clotting factors

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14
Q

WBCs are produced in the ( ) and live for ( )

A

bone marrow, 3-4 days

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15
Q

Granulocytes (PMNs) functions

A

Basophils-rare allergic rxns, release histamine
Eosinophils-asthma/allergies/parasitic
Neutrophils-acute bacterial, inflammation

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16
Q

Lymphocyte function

A
  • acute viral, certain bacterial
  • made up of T/B/NK cells
  • lymphoma, leukemia
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17
Q

Monocyte function

A

chronic infections

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18
Q

a left shift indicates….

A
  • acute illness (bacteria, hemorrhage)

- predominance of immature neutrophils

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19
Q

a right shift indicates….

A
  • chronic illness

- liver disease, iron deficiency anemia, stress

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20
Q

B cells function

A

-make antibodies that bind to pathogens

21
Q

T cells include

A

CD4+ T cells-helper cells that bind antigens activating B cell antibodies. Used in acute HIV infection to identify immune response
CD8+ cytotoxic cells-kill virus or infected tumor cells

22
Q

NK cells function

A

kills cells in body that display sign to kill them, such as cells infected w/virus or cancer

23
Q

Monocytes function

A
  • circulate in blood and enter tissue to become macrophages which are important antigen presenting cells
  • phagocytosis, present pieces of pathogens to T cells
24
Q

Anemia

A
  • low RBC count, abnormality of RBCs, or abnormal RBCs resulting in low O2 transport capacity
  • defined as subnormal Hg level
25
Q

Hematocrit and avg in men/women

A

% volume of RBCs in a given volume of blood, around 3x Hgb
men-40-54%
women-37-47%

26
Q

Increased hematocrit can be caused from….

A
  • primary/secondary polycythemia
  • heart/lung disease
  • high altitude
  • smoking
27
Q

Decreased hematocrit can be caused from…

A
  • megaloblastic anemia (B12 deficiency)
  • Fe deficiency anemia
  • acute/chronic blood loss
  • hemolysis
  • dilution, alcohol,drugs
28
Q

Low Hg levels indicate

A

anemia

29
Q

Hg electrophoresis is a blood test to detect

A

different Hg types

sickle cell, thalasemmia

30
Q

Carboxyhemoglobin levels (CO)

A

non smoker <2%
smoker <9%
toxic >15%

31
Q

glycated Hg is proportional to….

A

blood glucose concentration

32
Q

MCH (mean cellular/corpuscular Hg)

A

amount of Hgb in avg RBC

33
Q

MCHC (mean cellular/corpuscular Hg concentration)

A

avg concentration of Hgb in a volume of RBCs

34
Q

MCV (mean cell/corpuscular volume)

A

avg volume of RBCs

35
Q

RDW (red cell width)

A

measure of degree of variation in RBC size

36
Q

microcytic anemia

A
  • small RBCs w/low MCV

- Fe deficiency, thalassemia

37
Q

normocytic anemia

A
  • normal RBCs w/normal MCV

- anemia of chronic disorder, renal failure, hypothyroid

38
Q

macrocytic anemia

A
  • large RBCs w/high MCV
  • megaloblastic anemia (B12/folate deficiency)
  • nonmegaloblastic anemia (liver disease,)
39
Q

reticulocyte count

A
  • blood test that measures how fast RBCs are made by bone marrow and released into blood
  • rises when there is major blood loss or RBC destruction such as hemolytic anemia
40
Q

low reticulocyte count indicates (<2%)

A

low production of RBCs by bone marrow

41
Q

if you suspect anemia, you first check

A

reticulocyte count

42
Q

if reticulocyte count is high you suspect…

low you check….

A
  • hemolysis, acute blood loss

- MCV

43
Q

Total iron binding capacity (TIBC)

A

-measures proteins in blood that bind w/iron, mainly transferrin, increases when iron is low

44
Q

Increased TIBC/decreased sat of transferrin indicates

decreased TIBC/increased sat of transferrin indicates

A
  • dx of iron def anemia

- heomchromatosis (excessive Fe storage)

45
Q

What is the major storage protein for Fe

A

ferritin

46
Q

decreased levels of erythropoietin indicate…

increased levels

A

anemia of chronic disease

Fe deficiency anemia

47
Q

Howell-Jolly bodies are associated w/

A

asplenia

48
Q

a nonspecific test to measure inflammation is….

A

erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

Diagnostic Modalities (2 decks)

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