Lab Material Flashcards

Question

Postcranial:

Answer 1

everything but the skull

Answer 2

skull, vertebrae, ribs (the “core” of the body)

Answer 3

limbs and associated girdles

Answer 4

* Oviparous * Mammae lack nipples * Cloaca present * Rhinarium (hairless area at tip of the snout in mammals) - extremely specialized sensory organ (electroreception) * Pectoral girdle with interclavicle, coracoid, and precoracoid * Adults lack teeth * epipubic bones * ankle spurs in adult males

Answer 5

Echidnas * Covered in short spines * Fossorial lifestyle- strong, stocky limbs * Long, slender rostrum protrusible tongue—for eating insects * Usually lay a single egg at a time, suckle young in a pouch (but not the same as a marsupial pouch!)

Answer 6

Platypus * Semiaquatic * Dense, velvety pelage * Webbed feet with claws for digging * Ankle spurs in males deliver venom * Teeth in young only; adults have horny plates * Electroreceptors in rostrum use to detect prey in murky water

Answer 7

Masrupials * usually relatively small braincase * large alisphenoid forms anterior portion of auditory bullae * Jugal forms part of the mandibular (glenoid) fossa—articulates with the dentary * Inflected angular process of lower jaw * fenestrated palatine bones * max dental formula: 5/4, 1/1, 3/3, 4/4 * epipubic bones (males and females in most species)

Answer 8

American Opossums * 1 species in US and Canada: Didelphis virginiana (Virginia opossum) * narrow rostrum, prominent sagittal crest * Dental formula: 5/4, 1/1, 3/3, 4/4 * • 3-cusped molars (similar to tribosphenic) * well-developed, clawless, opposable hallux * some species have prehensile tail * Pouch opens anteriorly, but is absent or reduced in some species

Answer 9

Tasmanian Devils, Quolls * Tasmania, Australia, New Guinea * dental formula: 4/3, 1/1, 2-3/2-3, 4/4 * small pointed/blade-like incisors * sharp-cusped molars, similar to tribosphenic * well-developed canines * marsupium (when present) opens posteriorly

Answer 10

Tasmanian “wolf,” Tasmanian “tiger,” or Thylacine * extinct since 1936 * Over-hunting and competition

Answer 11

* Largest order of marsupials: 11 families and 110 species (Australia, Tasmania, New Guinea, East Indies) * • kangaroos, possums, koalas, wombats, and others * • Procumbent lower incisors * • Syndactyly (fused digits)

Answer 12

* Kangaroos, wallabies, potoroos, etc. * Dental formula: 3/1, 0-1/1, var./var., 4/4 * Saltatorial (jumping) locomotion * Long, powerful hindlimbs * Robust tail for balance and stability * But some can climb! * Large marsupium, opens anteriorly * Ecologically similar to deer/antelope * Dentition and digestive system specialized for herbivory

Answer 13

* 1 extant species, Phascolarctos cinereus (koala) * Deep, robust dentary * Dental formula: 3/1, 1/0, 1/1, 4/4 * First upper incisor enlarged, upper canine small * Square-shaped, “pseudoselenodont” cheek teeth

Answer 14

Tenrecs, otter shrews, and golden moles * 2 families, found in mainland Africa and Madagascar

Answer 15

* Endemic to Madagascar * Dental formula: 2/3, 1/1, 3/3, 2-4/2 * Upper molars between zalambdodont and dilambdodont * No zygomatic arch (jugal absent) * Streaked tenrecs have a stridulating organ that vibrates their quills—they use the sound to communicate

Answer 16

Golden moles * Found in Sub-Saharan Africa * Dental formula: 3/3, 1/0, 3/3, 3/3 * **Zalambdodont** upper molars * Enlarged first upper incisor * Complete zygomatic arch (formed by squamosal and maxilla, jugal absent) * Vestigial eyes covered by skin

Answer 17

Hedgehogs and gymnures * Found in Eurasia and Africa * Dental formula: 2-3/3, 1/1, 3-4/2-4, 3/3 * • Quadrate upper molars * Complete and robust zygomatic arch * Spiny or course pelage

Answer 18

* Solenodons: two species, found in Cuba and Hispaniola * Endangered by non-native predators * Shrew-like, but roughly muskrat sized * Dental formula 3/3, 1/1, 3/3, 3/3 * **Zalambdodont** upper molars * Incomplete zygomatic arch * Lack auditory bullae * Venomous—toxic saliva delivered through a slot in I₂

Answer 19

* Moles and desmans, found in North America, Europe, and Asia * Dental formula: 2-3/1-3, 1/0-1, 3-4/3-4,3/3 = 32-44 * **Dilambdodont** upper molars * Zygomatic arch complete and slender * Incomplete auditory bullae * Well-adapted for fossorial life

Answer 20

* True shrews, widespread except South America and Australia * Dental formula (Sorex sp.): 3/1, 1/1, 3/1, 3/3 = 32 * **Dilambdodont** upper molars * Accessory cusp on first incisor * Some have red pigment on the teeth from iron desposits (subfamily Soricinae) * No zygomatic arch * Two condyloid processes on the dentary—double jaw articulation * Some are semiaquatic (11 species)

Answer 21

* Large 1st upper incisor with an accessory cusp * Five upper unicupsid teeth * 5th is usually small

Answer 22

* **Patagium:** wing membrane * **Uropatagium:** wing membrane around the tail and hind legs * **Calcar**: spur on the hindfoot that supports the uropatagium

Answer 23

* Flying foxes, fruit bats, etc. * Non-echolocating (generally) * Generally large (but not diagnostic) * Simple pinnae that completely surround the ear opening * Tragus and antitragus absent * Claw usually present on second digit of forelimb

Answer 24

* Flying foxes and Old World fruit bats * Found in Old World Tropics (Africa, India, SE Asia, Australasia, many Indian and Pacific Ocean islands) * Tail short or absent * Uropatagium absent or narrow * “dog-like” rostrum * Imperiled by logging, hunting, and tourism development

Answer 25

* Most bats (18 families) * Generally small (but not diagnostic) * Echolocate * Pinnae usually complex, do not surround entire ear opening * Tragus present in most, antitragus sometimes present * Claw absent on 2nd digit of forelimb

Answer 26

* New World leaf-nosed bats (mostly tropical) * Most have complex “noseleaf” * Tragus present, but small * Premaxillae fused to each other * Wide range of diets, including sanguinivory * Imperiled by habitat loss, hunting, and pesticides

Answer 27

* Free-tailed bats * Cosmopolitan distribution * Tail extends well beyond **uropatagium** * **Tragus** small or absent * well-developed **calcar** * Insectivorous

Answer 28

* Common (or evening) bats * Cosmopolitan distribution * Prominent tragus * well-developed calcar * Premaxillae separated * Imperiled by habitat loss, human disturbance, and disease

Answer 29

* Dark-brown/black body with silver, “frosted” back * Short, rounded ears * Tragus blunt and curved forward * Migratory * Widely distributed throughout the US * Solitary, roost in trees and foliage rather than cave

Answer 30

* Small * Long-eared * Glossy brown pelage with dark shoulder spot * Live in coastal forests of Pacific Northwest * Roost in caves or under the bark of trees, individually or in small groups * Hibernate colonially

Answer 31

* Color varies from dark brown to reddish buff * Large myotis with long, dense fur on underside of wing between knee and elbow * Roost in snaps, crevices, cracks, caves, and abandoned buildings * Hibernate in caves and mines * Found primarily in coniferous forests, but can also be found in oak and riparian woodland, or deserts

Answer 32

* Tiny with short ears, relatively short hind feet * Keeled calcar * Differs from M. volans by shorter forearms and tibia; also has less fur on ventral surface of the wing * Roosts in caves, mines, on rocky hillsides, under tree bark, and on shrubs on the ground * Roosts in caves, mines, on rocky hillsides, under tree bark, and on shrubs on the ground * Found in interior mountain basins and deserts in western North America

Answer 33

* Small with dark-brown fur * Less fur on the underside of wings than M. volans and shorter ears than M. keenii * Migrate up to 1000 km between summer breeding grounds and winter hibernacula * Widespread and common throughout the US * Often roost in buildings, hibernate in caves/mines

Answer 34

* Similar to M. lucifugus but slightly smaller with less glossy fur and paler ears * Skull has more abruptly sloping forehead than M. lucifugus * Usually found in desert areas in the western US * Found in SE Alaska * Roost in buildings, under bridges, in caves/mines, and cliff crevices

Answer 35

* Largest of these bats * Brown pelage * Relatively short ears * Only a single record in Alaska, near Fairbanks (Salcha) * Roost in hollow trees, barns, and churches; females form maternal colonies * Hibernate in caves and buildings

Answer 36

* Sengis (“elephant shrews”) * **One family—Macroscelididae** * Found in northwestern and sub-Saharan Africa * Long hindlimbs—move by quadrupedal saltation * Snout extended into movable proboscis * Auditory bullae enlarged and inflated in most genera * Some species have palatal fenestrations (which other group has this?) * Complete zygomatic arch with well-developed jugal

Answer 37

* Colugos (“flying lemurs”) * **One family—Cynocephalidae** * Found in Southeast Asia * Gliding membrane * Flat and broad cranium, well-developed postorbital process, and prominent temporal ridges * Dental formula: 2/3, 1/1, 2/2, 3/3 = 34 * I1 and I2 are wide, **pectinate (comb-like)**, and **procumbent**; I3 is multi-cusped * Canines are indistinct

Answer 38

* “tree shrews” * **One family—Tupaiidae** * Found in Southeast Asia * Large postorbital process contacts the zygomatic arch, forming a **postorbital bar** * Zygomatic arch is perforate

Answer 39

* Grasping hands and feet with opposable thumbs and toes * Nails on all or most digits * Elongated calcaneum * Large, forward-facing orbits * Enlarged braincase * Loss of one incisor and one premolar from the maximum eutherian dental formula * Typically long-lived, with sexual maturity late in life * Most species have a baculum

Answer 40

* Member of order Strepsirrhini = strepsirrhine * 7 families of lemurs (Madagascar), galagos (Africa), lorises (Africa and SE Asia), and others * Naked rhinarium, unfused nasal prominence, comma-shaped nostrils * Lower incisors and incisiform canine form a **toothcomb** * **postorbital bar** present

Answer 41

* 19 species, endemic to Madagascar * Elongated cranium with mid-length rostrum * Upper incisors reduced with diastema between the two sides; lower incisors form the toothcomb * Herbivorous or frugivorous * Most species are arboreal * Some species live in groups, usually with a female dominance hierarchy (unlike most social primates)

Answer 42

* 21 species, endemic to Madagascar * Mouse, or dwarf lemurs * Small (\<500 g), among the smallest primates * Arboreal, primarily quadrupedal * Nocturnal; spend the night foraging for fruit, nectar, insects, and occasionally small vertebrates * Hibernate to survive low resource availability in winter

Answer 43

* Aye-aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis) is the only living species * Relatively tall skull with a short, deep rostrum * Robust zygomatic arch and postorbital bar * Extensive loss of teeth * (dental formula 1/1, 0-1/0, 1/0, 3/3 = 18 or 20) * Ever-growing incisors, similar to those found in rodents * Very long, slender digits used to forage for insects in tree bark

Answer 44

* 9 species, found in Sub-Saharan Africa, India, Sri Lanka, SE Asia, and East Indies * Small upper incisors, incisiform lower canine, quadrate molars * Tail short or absent * Omnivorous, nocturnal, and arboreal * Slow, hand-over-hand climbing

Answer 45

* Member of order Haplorhini = haplorhines * Includes tarsiers (although this is controversial) and anthropoid primates: * Marmosets, tamarins, capuchins, and other “New World” monkeys (Platyrrhini) * Macaques, baboons, gibbons, humans, and other “Old World” monkeys and apes (Catarrhini) * Greater reliance on vision than on smell * Simple noses * **Fovea centralis** in the retina increases visual acuity * **Postorbital plate** (eye socket is completely surrounded by bone)

Answer 46

* 7 species, found in Borneo, Sumatra, some East Indian and Philippine Islands * Dental formula is unique among primates: 2/1, 1/1, 3/3, 3/3 = 34 * Very large, forward facing orbits (nocturnal) * Arboreal, elongated limbs and hindfeet for jumping * tibia and fibula are fused * Tarsals are elongated in the hind feet (metatarsals are not greatly lengthened—retain dexterity)

Answer 47

* Capuchins, squirrel monkeys, and others * Found in Mexico, Central America, and Brazil * Long limbs and tails (some semiprehensile) * Curved nails on digits * High, round braincase with a short rostrum * Generalist diet, but mostly eat plant material (especially fruit) * Most species are gregarious

Answer 48

* Marmosets and tamarins, found in South America * Formerly considered a subfamily of Cebidae (this is what the textbook says…) * Unusual dentition: chisel-shaped medial incisors, triangular upper molars, most species lack 3rd molar * Lack opposable thumbs/toes, and most digits have claws instead of nails * Most species give birth to fraternal twins that share placental blood flow

Answer 49

* Night monkeys (also called owl monkeys), 8 species found in Panama, Argentina, and Paraguay * Only truly nocturnal anthropoid primates (but mostly likely evolved from a diurnal ancestor) * Live in small family groups, wherein the adult male is the primary caregiver for the young

Answer 50

* 73 species of macaques, mangabeys, baboons, and other “Old World” monkeys * Nose with a narrow septum and downward-facing nostrils, like other catarrhines (gibbons, apes) * Most are omnivorous * Dental formula 2/2, 1/1, 2/2, 3/3 = 32; canines are large * Many are **sexually dimorphic** in size, coloration, and/or canine size * **Ischial callosities**—patches of bare, thickened skin on the rump, often colored

Answer 51

* Formerly considered monotypic * Non-human hominids restricted to equatorial Africa, Borneo and Sumatra * Robust skulls with bony crests and ridges, especially in older animals * Dental formula: 2/2, 1/1, 2/2, 3/3 = 32 * Broad, spatulate incisors; quadrate molars * Parallel tooth rows, mandibular symphysis braced by a bony shelf * Elongated pelvis = muscle attachment for bipedal stance

Answer 52

* Pelycosaurs * Therapsids * Mammals

Answer 53

* Dominated early Permian terrestrial faunas (but extinct by the end of the Permian) * Herbivores and carnivores * Relatively large (some up to 3 meters) * Sprawling posture, femur horizontal

Answer 54

* First appeared in the middle Permian (ca. 275 mya) * Enlarged temporal opening and reduction/loss of temporal shield * Sagittal crest and zygomatic arches present * Origins of jaw muscles moved to braincase * Modified limb girdles—more upright posture, deep acetabulum * No auditory meatus formed with squamosal * Incisors and canines robust

Answer 55

* “Advanced” therapsid predators * Two occipital condyles * Strongly heterodont dentition (spatulate incisors and postcanine teeth have several accessory cusps) * Bony secondary palate * Distinct calcaneus * Reduced lumbar ribs but retention of thoracic ribs—may have had a diaphragm * Limb girdles modified for fore-and-aft movement

Answer 56

* First appear in the late Triassic * Mammary glands * Viviparous, loss of hard eggshell * Dentary-squamosal articulation! * Double-rooted cheek teeth * Expansion of brain region * Precise occlusion and diphyodonty

Answer 57

* Sinoconodontidae and Morganucodontidae—earliest known mammal families, lived late Triassic to mid Jurassic * Small (20-30 grams) * Heterodonty—had premolars and molars * Larger brain (3-4x that of cynodonts) * Nocturnal, good hearing and smell * Probably had lactation (all lineages following them do)