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Mammalogy > Lab Material > Flashcards

Lab Material Flashcards

1
Q

What is the dental formula?

A
  • This specimen also has carnassials, which are the shearing teeth in carnivorans.
  • Always the last upper premolar (P4) and the first lower molar (m1)
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2
Q

What is the dental formula?

A
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3
Q

What is the dental formula?

A

Diastema=Gap in dentary

-Premolars and molars are hard to tell apart visually …how do we know which is which? Premolars are deciduous

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4
Q

Occlusal Patterns: Lophodont

A

cusps join in low ridges (lophs) example: elephants, rhinos, and many other herbivores

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5
Q

Occlusal Patterns: Selenodonts

A
  • anteroposterior expansion of individual cusps into crescent-shaped ridges (selenes)
  • Think of crescent moons (hence “selene”)
  • Examples/ camelids, cervids, bovids
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6
Q

Occlusal Patterns: Secodont

A
  • sharp, cutting edges (carnivores)

-

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7
Q

Occlusal Patterns: Bunodont

A
  • low, rounded, individual cusps
  • Examples/primates, bears, pigs, and other generalist omnivores
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8
Q

Occlusal Patterns: Zalambdodont

A
  • medial and lingual V-shaped ridges
  • Examples/ some insectivores, including tenrecs
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9
Q

Occlusal Patterns: Dilambdodont

A
  • medial and lingual W-shaped ridges
  • Examples/soricids (shrews) and talpids (moles), bats, and other insectivorous mammals
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10
Q

Crown Height: Brachydont

A

Low crown

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11
Q

Crown Height: Hypsodont

A

High crown (herbivores)

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12
Q

Cusp Orientation: Modified tribosphenic upper molars

A
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13
Q

Cusp Orientation: Modified tribosphenic upper molars

A
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14
Q

Cusp Orientation: Tribosphenic lower molars

A
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15
Q

Cusp Orientation: Tribosphenic lower molars

A
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16
Q

Cusp Orientation: Quadrate upper molars

A
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17
Q

Cusp Orientation: Quadrate upper molars

A
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18
Q

Cusp Orientation: Quadrate lower molars

A
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19
Q

Cusp Orientation: Quadrate lower molars

A
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20
Q

Process

A

projection of the bone sticking outward

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21
Q

Foramen

A

a hole in the bone

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22
Q

Fossa

A

a depression or pit in a bone

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23
Q

Condyle

A

a rounded extension of the bone

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24
Q

How many upper premolars?

What’s this tooth?

How do you know?

A

2 per side

P4

The carnassial pair are always P4 and m1

Evolutionarily, premolars are lost front to back

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25
Q

Postcranial:

A

everything but the skull

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26
Q

Axial skeleton

A

skull, vertebrae, ribs (the “core” of the body)

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27
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

limbs and associated girdles

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28
Q

Monotremata Characteristics

A
  • Oviparous
  • Mammae lack nipples
  • Cloaca present
  • Rhinarium (hairless area at tip of the snout in mammals) - extremely specialized sensory organ (electroreception)
  • Pectoral girdle with interclavicle, coracoid, and precoracoid
  • Adults lack teeth
  • epipubic bones
  • ankle spurs in adult males
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29
Q

Order Monotremata Family Tachyglossidae

A

Echidnas

  • Covered in short spines
  • Fossorial lifestyle- strong, stocky limbs
  • Long, slender rostrum protrusible tongue—for eating insects
  • Usually lay a single egg at a time, suckle young in a pouch (but not the same as a marsupial pouch!)
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30
Q

Order Monotremata Family Ornithorhynchidae

A

Platypus

  • Semiaquatic
  • Dense, velvety pelage
  • Webbed feet with claws for digging
  • Ankle spurs in males deliver venom
  • Teeth in young only; adults have horny plates
  • Electroreceptors in rostrum use to detect prey in murky water
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31
Q

Metatheria Characteristics

A

Masrupials

  • usually relatively small braincase
  • large alisphenoid forms anterior portion of auditory bullae
  • Jugal forms part of the mandibular (glenoid) fossa—articulates with the dentary
  • Inflected angular process of lower jaw
  • fenestrated palatine bones
  • max dental formula: 5/4, 1/1, 3/3, 4/4
  • epipubic bones (males and females in most species)
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32
Q

Order Didelphimorphia

Family Didelphidae

A

American Opossums

  • 1 species in US and Canada: Didelphis virginiana (Virginia opossum)
  • narrow rostrum, prominent sagittal crest
  • Dental formula: 5/4, 1/1, 3/3, 4/4
  • • 3-cusped molars (similar to tribosphenic)
  • well-developed, clawless, opposable hallux
  • some species have prehensile tail
  • Pouch opens anteriorly, but is absent or reduced in some species
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33
Q

Order Dasyuromorphia Family Dasyuridae

A

Tasmanian Devils, Quolls

  • Tasmania, Australia, New Guinea
  • dental formula: 4/3, 1/1, 2-3/2-3, 4/4
  • small pointed/blade-like incisors
  • sharp-cusped molars, similar to tribosphenic
  • well-developed canines
  • marsupium (when present) opens posteriorly
34
Q

Order Dasyuromorphia Family Thylacinidae

A

Tasmanian “wolf,” Tasmanian “tiger,” or Thylacine

  • extinct since 1936
  • Over-hunting and competition
35
Q

Order Diprotodontia

A
  • Largest order of marsupials: 11 families and 110 species (Australia, Tasmania, New Guinea, East Indies)
    • • kangaroos, possums, koalas, wombats, and others
  • • Procumbent lower incisors
  • • Syndactyly (fused digits)
36
Q

Order Diprotodontia Family Macropodidae

A
  • Kangaroos, wallabies, potoroos, etc.
  • Dental formula: 3/1, 0-1/1, var./var., 4/4
  • Saltatorial (jumping) locomotion
    • Long, powerful hindlimbs
    • Robust tail for balance and stability
    • But some can climb!
  • Large marsupium, opens anteriorly
  • Ecologically similar to deer/antelope
  • Dentition and digestive system specialized for herbivory
37
Q

Order Diprotodontia Family Phascolarctidae

A
  • 1 extant species, Phascolarctos cinereus (koala)
  • Deep, robust dentary
  • Dental formula: 3/1, 1/0, 1/1, 4/4
  • First upper incisor enlarged, upper canine small
  • Square-shaped, “pseudoselenodont” cheek teeth
38
Q

“Insectivora” Order Afrosoricida

A

Tenrecs, otter shrews, and golden moles

  • 2 families, found in mainland Africa and Madagascar
39
Q

Order Afrosoricida Family Tenrecidae

A
  • Endemic to Madagascar
  • Dental formula: 2/3, 1/1, 3/3, 2-4/2
  • Upper molars between zalambdodont and dilambdodont
  • No zygomatic arch (jugal absent)
  • Streaked tenrecs have a stridulating organ that vibrates their quills—they use the sound to communicate
40
Q

Order Afrosoricidae Family Chysochloridae

A

Golden moles

  • Found in Sub-Saharan Africa
  • Dental formula: 3/3, 1/0, 3/3, 3/3
  • Zalambdodont upper molars
  • Enlarged first upper incisor
  • Complete zygomatic arch (formed by squamosal and maxilla, jugal absent)
  • Vestigial eyes covered by skin
41
Q

Order Erinaceomorpha Family Erinaceidae

A

Hedgehogs and gymnures

  • Found in Eurasia and Africa
  • Dental formula: 2-3/3, 1/1, 3-4/2-4, 3/3
  • • Quadrate upper molars
  • Complete and robust zygomatic arch
  • Spiny or course pelage
42
Q

Order Soricomorpha Family Solenodontidae

A
  • Solenodons: two species, found in Cuba and Hispaniola
  • Endangered by non-native predators
  • Shrew-like, but roughly muskrat sized
  • Dental formula 3/3, 1/1, 3/3, 3/3
  • Zalambdodont upper molars
  • Incomplete zygomatic arch
  • Lack auditory bullae
  • Venomous—toxic saliva delivered through a slot in I2
43
Q

Order Soricomorpha Family Talpidae

A
  • Moles and desmans, found in North America, Europe, and Asia
  • Dental formula: 2-3/1-3, 1/0-1, 3-4/3-4,3/3 = 32-44
  • Dilambdodont upper molars
  • Zygomatic arch complete and slender
  • Incomplete auditory bullae
  • Well-adapted for fossorial life
44
Q

Order Soricomorpha Family Soricidae

A
  • True shrews, widespread except South America and Australia
  • Dental formula (Sorex sp.): 3/1, 1/1, 3/1, 3/3 = 32
  • Dilambdodont upper molars
  • Accessory cusp on first incisor
  • Some have red pigment on the teeth from iron desposits (subfamily Soricinae)
  • No zygomatic arch
  • Two condyloid processes on the dentary—double jaw articulation
  • Some are semiaquatic (11 species)
45
Q

Shrew Teeth

A
  • Large 1st upper incisor with an accessory cusp
  • Five upper unicupsid teeth
    • 5th is usually small
46
Q

Bat Anatomy

A
  • Patagium: wing membrane
  • Uropatagium: wing membrane around the tail and hind legs
  • Calcar: spur on the hindfoot that supports the uropatagium
47
Q

Order Chiroptera Suborder Megachiroptera

A
  • Flying foxes, fruit bats, etc.
  • Non-echolocating (generally)
  • Generally large (but not diagnostic)
  • Simple pinnae that completely surround the ear opening
    • Tragus and antitragus absent
  • Claw usually present on second digit of forelimb
48
Q

Order Chiroptera Suborder Megachiroptera Family Pteropodidae

A
  • Flying foxes and Old World fruit bats
  • Found in Old World Tropics (Africa, India, SE Asia, Australasia, many Indian and Pacific Ocean islands)
  • Tail short or absent
  • Uropatagium absent or narrow
  • “dog-like” rostrum
  • Imperiled by logging, hunting, and tourism development
49
Q

Suborder Microchiroptera

A
  • Most bats (18 families)
  • Generally small (but not diagnostic)
  • Echolocate
  • Pinnae usually complex, do not surround entire ear opening
    • Tragus present in most, antitragus sometimes present
  • Claw absent on 2nd digit of forelimb
50
Q

Suborder Microchiroptera Family Phyllostomidae

A
  • New World leaf-nosed bats (mostly tropical)
  • Most have complex “noseleaf”
  • Tragus present, but small
  • Premaxillae fused to each other
  • Wide range of diets, including sanguinivory
  • Imperiled by habitat loss, hunting, and pesticides
51
Q

Suborder Micochiroptera Family Molossidae

A
  • Free-tailed bats
  • Cosmopolitan distribution
  • Tail extends well beyond uropatagium
  • Tragus small or absent
  • well-developed calcar
  • Insectivorous
52
Q

Suborder Microchiroptera Family Vespertilionidae

A
  • Common (or evening) bats
  • Cosmopolitan distribution
  • Prominent tragus
  • well-developed calcar
  • Premaxillae separated
  • Imperiled by habitat loss, human disturbance, and disease
53
Q

Lasionycteris noctivagans

A
  • Dark-brown/black body with silver, “frosted” back
  • Short, rounded ears
  • Tragus blunt and curved forward
  • Migratory
  • Widely distributed throughout the US
  • Solitary, roost in trees and foliage rather than cave
54
Q

Myotis keenii

A
  • Small
  • Long-eared
  • Glossy brown pelage with dark shoulder spot
  • Live in coastal forests of Pacific Northwest
  • Roost in caves or under the bark of trees, individually or in small groups
  • Hibernate colonially
55
Q

Myotis volans

A
  • Color varies from dark brown to reddish buff
  • Large myotis with long, dense fur on underside of wing between knee and elbow
  • Roost in snaps, crevices, cracks, caves, and abandoned buildings
  • Hibernate in caves and mines
  • Found primarily in coniferous forests, but can also be found in oak and riparian woodland, or deserts
56
Q

Myotis californicus

A
  • Tiny with short ears, relatively short hind feet
  • Keeled calcar
  • Differs from M. volans by shorter forearms and tibia; also has less fur on ventral surface of the wing
  • Roosts in caves, mines, on rocky hillsides, under tree bark, and on shrubs on the ground
  • Roosts in caves, mines, on rocky hillsides, under tree bark, and on shrubs on the ground
  • Found in interior mountain basins and deserts in western North America
57
Q

Myotis lucifugus

A
  • Small with dark-brown fur
  • Less fur on the underside of wings than M. volans and shorter ears than M. keenii
  • Migrate up to 1000 km between summer breeding grounds and winter hibernacula
  • Widespread and common throughout the US
  • Often roost in buildings, hibernate in caves/mines
58
Q

Myotis yumanensis

A
  • Similar to M. lucifugus but slightly smaller with less glossy fur and paler ears
  • Skull has more abruptly sloping forehead than M. lucifugus
  • Usually found in desert areas in the western US
  • Found in SE Alaska
  • Roost in buildings, under bridges, in caves/mines, and cliff crevices
59
Q

Eptesicus fuscus

A
  • Largest of these bats
  • Brown pelage
  • Relatively short ears
  • Only a single record in Alaska, near Fairbanks (Salcha)
  • Roost in hollow trees, barns, and churches; females form maternal colonies
  • Hibernate in caves and buildings
60
Q

Insectivora: Order Macroscelidea

A
  • Sengis (“elephant shrews”)
  • One family—Macroscelididae
  • Found in northwestern and sub-Saharan Africa
  • Long hindlimbs—move by quadrupedal saltation
  • Snout extended into movable proboscis
  • Auditory bullae enlarged and inflated in most genera
  • Some species have palatal fenestrations (which other group has this?)
  • Complete zygomatic arch with well-developed jugal
61
Q

Order Dermoptera

A
  • Colugos (“flying lemurs”)
  • One family—Cynocephalidae​
  • Found in Southeast Asia
  • Gliding membrane
  • Flat and broad cranium, well-developed postorbital process, and prominent temporal ridges
  • Dental formula: 2/3, 1/1, 2/2, 3/3 = 34
  • I1 and I2 are wide, pectinate (comb-like), and procumbent; I3 is multi-cusped
  • Canines are indistinct
62
Q

Order Scandentia

A
  • “tree shrews”
  • One family—Tupaiidae
  • Found in Southeast Asia
  • Large postorbital process contacts the zygomatic arch, forming a postorbital bar
  • Zygomatic arch is perforate
63
Q

Primate Characteristics

A
  • Grasping hands and feet with opposable thumbs and toes
  • Nails on all or most digits
  • Elongated calcaneum
  • Large, forward-facing orbits
  • Enlarged braincase
  • Loss of one incisor and one premolar from the maximum eutherian dental formula
  • Typically long-lived, with sexual maturity late in life
  • Most species have a baculum
64
Q

Suborder Strepsirrhini

A
  • Member of order Strepsirrhini = strepsirrhine
  • 7 families of lemurs (Madagascar), galagos (Africa), lorises (Africa and SE Asia), and others
  • Naked rhinarium, unfused nasal prominence, comma-shaped nostrils
  • Lower incisors and incisiform canine form a toothcomb
  • postorbital bar present
65
Q

Suborder Strepsirrhini Family Lemuridae

A
  • 19 species, endemic to Madagascar
  • Elongated cranium with mid-length rostrum
  • Upper incisors reduced with diastema between the two sides; lower incisors form the toothcomb
  • Herbivorous or frugivorous
  • Most species are arboreal
  • Some species live in groups, usually with a female dominance hierarchy (unlike most social primates)
66
Q

Suborder Strepsirrhini Family Cheirogaleidae

A
  • 21 species, endemic to Madagascar
  • Mouse, or dwarf lemurs
  • Small (<500 g), among the smallest primates
  • Arboreal, primarily quadrupedal
  • Nocturnal; spend the night foraging for fruit, nectar, insects, and occasionally small vertebrates
  • Hibernate to survive low resource availability in winter
67
Q

Suborder Strepsirrhini Family Daubentoniidae

A
  • Aye-aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis) is the only living species
  • Relatively tall skull with a short, deep rostrum
  • Robust zygomatic arch and postorbital bar
  • Extensive loss of teeth
  • (dental formula 1/1, 0-1/0, 1/0, 3/3 = 18 or 20)
  • Ever-growing incisors, similar to those found in rodents
  • Very long, slender digits used to forage for insects in tree bark
68
Q

Suborder Strepsirrhini Family Lorisidae

A
  • 9 species, found in Sub-Saharan Africa, India, Sri Lanka, SE Asia, and East Indies
  • Small upper incisors, incisiform lower canine, quadrate molars
  • Tail short or absent
  • Omnivorous, nocturnal, and arboreal
  • Slow, hand-over-hand climbing
69
Q

Suborder Haplorhini

A
  • Member of order Haplorhini = haplorhines
  • Includes tarsiers (although this is controversial) and anthropoid primates:
    • Marmosets, tamarins, capuchins, and other “New World” monkeys (Platyrrhini)
    • Macaques, baboons, gibbons, humans, and other “Old World” monkeys and apes (Catarrhini)
  • Greater reliance on vision than on smell
    • Simple noses
    • Fovea centralis in the retina increases visual acuity
  • Postorbital plate (eye socket is completely surrounded by bone)
70
Q

Suborder Haplorhini Family Tarsiidae

A
  • 7 species, found in Borneo, Sumatra, some East Indian and Philippine Islands
  • Dental formula is unique among primates: 2/1, 1/1, 3/3, 3/3 = 34
  • Very large, forward facing orbits (nocturnal)
  • Arboreal, elongated limbs and hindfeet for jumping
    • tibia and fibula are fused
    • Tarsals are elongated in the hind feet (metatarsals are not greatly lengthened—retain dexterity)
71
Q

Suborder Haplorhini Family Cebidae

A
  • Capuchins, squirrel monkeys, and others
  • Found in Mexico, Central America, and Brazil
  • Long limbs and tails (some semiprehensile)
  • Curved nails on digits
  • High, round braincase with a short rostrum
  • Generalist diet, but mostly eat plant material (especially fruit)
  • Most species are gregarious
72
Q

Suborder Haplorhini Family Callitrichidae

A
  • Marmosets and tamarins, found in South America
  • Formerly considered a subfamily of Cebidae (this is what the textbook says…)
  • Unusual dentition: chisel-shaped medial incisors, triangular upper molars, most species lack 3rd molar
  • Lack opposable thumbs/toes, and most digits have claws instead of nails
  • Most species give birth to fraternal twins that share placental blood flow
73
Q

Suborder Haplorhini Family Aotidae

A
  • Night monkeys (also called owl monkeys), 8 species found in Panama, Argentina, and Paraguay
  • Only truly nocturnal anthropoid primates (but mostly likely evolved from a diurnal ancestor)
  • Live in small family groups, wherein the adult male is the primary caregiver for the young
74
Q

Suborder Haplorhini Family Cercopithecidae

A
  • 73 species of macaques, mangabeys, baboons, and other “Old World” monkeys
  • Nose with a narrow septum and downward-facing nostrils, like other catarrhines (gibbons, apes)
  • Most are omnivorous
  • Dental formula 2/2, 1/1, 2/2, 3/3 = 32; canines are large
  • Many are sexually dimorphic in size, coloration, and/or canine size
  • Ischial callosities—patches of bare, thickened skin on the rump, often colored
75
Q

Suborder Haplorhini Family Hominidae

A
  • Formerly considered monotypic
  • Non-human hominids restricted to equatorial Africa, Borneo and Sumatra
  • Robust skulls with bony crests and ridges, especially in older animals
  • Dental formula: 2/2, 1/1, 2/2, 3/3 = 32
  • Broad, spatulate incisors; quadrate molars
  • Parallel tooth rows, mandibular symphysis braced by a bony shelf
  • Elongated pelvis = muscle attachment for bipedal stance
76
Q

Synapsids

A
  • Pelycosaurs
  • Therapsids
  • Mammals
77
Q

Pelycosaurs

A
  • Dominated early Permian terrestrial faunas (but extinct by the end of the Permian)
  • Herbivores and carnivores
  • Relatively large (some up to 3 meters)
  • Sprawling posture, femur horizontal
78
Q

Therapsids

A
  • First appeared in the middle Permian (ca. 275 mya)
  • Enlarged temporal opening and reduction/loss of temporal shield
  • Sagittal crest and zygomatic arches present
  • Origins of jaw muscles moved to braincase
  • Modified limb girdles—more upright posture, deep acetabulum
  • No auditory meatus formed with squamosal
  • Incisors and canines robust
79
Q

Cynodonts

A
  • “Advanced” therapsid predators
  • Two occipital condyles
  • Strongly heterodont dentition (spatulate incisors and postcanine teeth have several accessory cusps)
  • Bony secondary palate
  • Distinct calcaneus
  • Reduced lumbar ribs but retention of thoracic ribs—may have had a diaphragm
  • Limb girdles modified for fore-and-aft movement
80
Q

Stem Mammals

A
  • First appear in the late Triassic
  • Mammary glands
  • Viviparous, loss of hard eggshell
  • Dentary-squamosal articulation!
  • Double-rooted cheek teeth
  • Expansion of brain region
  • Precise occlusion and diphyodonty
81
Q

The earliest known mammals

A
  • Sinoconodontidae and Morganucodontidae—earliest known mammal families, lived late Triassic to mid Jurassic
  • Small (20-30 grams)
  • Heterodonty—had premolars and molars
  • Larger brain (3-4x that of cynodonts)
  • Nocturnal, good hearing and smell
  • Probably had lactation (all lineages following them do)

Mammalogy (3 decks)

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