Lab Lymphatic Flashcards
Is the flow of lymph fluid to the heart unidirectional or bidirectional
unidirectional
Tissues —> Heart
(ensuring lymph flows
only toward heart)
What is a network
of drainage vessels
-
Lymphatic vessels
How is interstitial fluid taken into the lymphatic system?
Lymohatic Capillaries
What regions of the body do the thoracic and right lymphatic ducts?
cisterna chyli
Which side is drained by thoracic duct
Left (Red)
What drains the right upper arm
and right side of the head and thorax and
head and drains into the right subclavian vein
Right lymphatic Duct
Which side is drained by Thoracic Duct
Left (Red)
Where do B-Cells Mature?
Bone marrow
Where Do T cells Mature
What structure in the lymphatic system filters lymph fluid?
Lymph Nodes
blood-rich organ about
size of fist, located in left
hypochondriac region, inferior to
the diaphragm and posterolateral
to the stomach
Spleen
Largest lymphoid organ
Spleen
Spleen
What area in the spleen are WBCs found?
site where immune function
occurs (lymphocytes and macrophages)
Subcapsular sinus
subcapsular sinus
Medullary Sinus
(middle space)
Medullary Cord
Cortex
Medulla
What is the term used to describe an infection of the tonsils?
Tonsilitis
What are the names of the 3 types of tonsils?
What type of Tonsils
located on the wall of the pharynx, just behind the nasal cavity.
pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)
What type of tonsil
Located At the posterior margin of the oral cavity.:
Palatine tonsils
Acute inflammation of the palatine tonsils, usually caused by a Streptococcus infection.
tonsillitis
What type of Tonsil
At the root of the tongue, concentrated in patches on each side.
Lingual tonsils
Which nodes
Cervical nodes
Wha nodes are located upper limb and breast
Axillary Nodes
Which node is located in the entire lower limb
What is the first structure that absorbs lymph from tissues?
Lymphatic Capillaries
path of lymph flow
Once interstitial fluid enters
lymphatics, it is called…
Lymph
The Right Lymphatic Duct Drains Lymph collected from upper right area and feeds them to WHAT
Internal Jugular Vein
Larger Thoracic Duct takes lymph from the rest of the body, and dumps it into what vein
Subclavian Vein
Which organ receives immature T cells, then raises them to maturity and later then releases them?
Thymus
Anatomy of Lymph Node
1
Functions of Lymphatic System
Which system does the lymphatic system work closely with to return excess fluid to circulation?
The circulatory (cardiovascular) system
How does the lymphatic system contribute to immunity?
It houses immune cells (lymphocytes) in lymph nodes, the spleen, and other structures to help detect and fight infections.
Immune Cells
Lymphocytes
What Houses developing lymphocytes and
secretes hormones that regulate their
later activity
Thymus
What filters lymph + help destroy pathogens and debris before returning the fluid to the bloodstream.
Lymph Nodes
Lymphatic system help maintain fluid balance by collecting excess interstitial fluid and returns it to WHAT?
BloodStream
Which primary lymphoid organs are involved in immune cell maturation?
clear fluid derived from interstitial fluid that is collected by lymphatic vessels and returned to the bloodstream.
Lymph
blind-ended vessels that absorb excess fluid from tissues and transport it into larger lymphatic vessels.
Lymphatic capillaries
Primary lymphoid organ where maturation of B cells
occurs
Red Bone Marrow
Primary lymphoid organ where maturation of T cells occurs
Thymus
What do Lymph nodes contain that detect and destroy harmful substances like bacteria, viruses, and debris.
immune cells
Clusters of lymphatic tissue in mucous membranes (like in the digestive and respiratory tracts) that help fight infections.
MALT (Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue)
lymphatic tissue in the throat that trap and destroy pathogens from inhaled air and food.
Tonsils
large lymphatic vessel in the abdomen that collects lymph from the lower body and drains it into the thoracic duct.
cisterna chyli
largest lymphatic vessel in the body
Thoracic duct
What constantly patrol lymphatic tissues to detect and respond to infections.
Lymphocytes
Look for purple staining regions of cells involved with filtration and immune cells (B cells, plasma cell, macrophages, and reticular cells).
Lymphoid Nodules
Medullary Sinus
Pharyngeal Tonsils
Peyers Patches
What type of tonsils\?
palatine
$
lymph node
Trace the path of lymph flow from a lymph capillary to where they empty in the subclavian veins
white
macrophages
lymphocytes
cortex
spleen
peyers patches
spleen
tonsils
$
thoracic duct
Diaphragm
Trachea
Larynx
Pharynx
Nasal cavity
Epiglottis
Thyroid Cartilage –> Laryngeal Prominence
Cricoid Cartilage
How many lobes does the right lung have?
3
What fissure separates the superior and middle lobes of the right lung?
Horizontal fissure.
What fissure separates the middle and inferior lobes of the right lung?
Oblique fissure
How many lobes does the left lung have?
Two lobes: Superior and Inferior.
How many lobes does the left lung have?
2 lobes (Superior and Inferior)
What fissure does the left lung have?
Only the Oblique fissure.
Why is the right lung shorter than the left lung?
Because the liver is located higher on the right side.
Why is the left lung narrower than the right lung?
To make space for the left tilt of the heart apex.
Which lung is more narrow?
LEFT
What side of the lung has cardiac impression (notch)
left
Where are odors detected in the nasal cavity?
In the olfactory epithelium located at the roof of the nasal fossa.
What type of epithelium is the olfactory epithelium?
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with immobile cilia.
What lines the rest of the nasal cavity (except the vestibule)?
Respiratory epithelium.
What type of epithelium is the respiratory epithelium?
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with mobile cilia.
What is the role of goblet cells in respiratory epithelium?
They secrete mucus to trap particles.
What is the function of the cilia in respiratory epithelium?
Propel mucus posteriorly towards the pharynx.
What is the mucociliary escalator?
A defense mechanism where mucus traps particles, and cilia move the mucus to the pharynx to be swallowed or spit out.
What are the two main types of epithelium in the nasal cavity?
Olfactory epithelium and Respiratory epithelium.
Where is the olfactory epithelium located?
On the roof of the nasal cavity (nasal fossa).
What type of epithelium is the olfactory epithelium?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with immobile cilia.
Where is the respiratory epithelium located in the nasal cavity?
It lines most of the nasal cavity (except vestibule and olfactory region).
What is the function of the respiratory epithelium?
Filters, warms, and humidifies air and moves mucus towards the pharynx.
Are goblet cells present in the respiratory epithelium?
Yes, they secrete mucus.
Does the olfactory epithelium have goblet cells?
No, it does not.
Alveolar Sac
Alveolus
What percentage of the alveolar surface do Type I alveolar cells cover?
95%
Alveolar Macrophages (Dust Cells)
What is the function of alveolar macrophages (dust cells)?
Engulf debris, dust, and pathogens to keep the alveoli clean.
What type of epithelium are Type II alveolar cells
Cuboidal epithelium
What type of epithelium are Type I alveolar cells
Simple squamous epithelium.
: What Secretes surfactant to reduce surface tension and prevent alveolar collapse.
Type II
What type of epithelium are in Type II alveolar cells
Cuboidal epithelium.
which bones form the nasal septum and split the cavity into 2 sections
What are the two main bones that form the bony part of the nasal septum?
Which bone forms the superior + inferior part of the nasal septum?
superior= Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone.
Inferior = vomer
The type of cartilage found in the nasal septum
Hyaline Cartilage
Q: What are the main cartilages that form the external nose?
Lateral nasal cartilages, alar cartilages, and septal cartilage.
blue
nasopharynx
green
oropharynx
larynopharynx
What type of epithelium lines the nasopharynx?
A: Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells (respiratory epithelium).
: What type of epithelium lines the laryngopharynx+ Oropharynx?
stratified squamous epithelium
trachea
What structure is located immediately posterior to the trachea?
The esophagus lies directly posterior to the trachea.
Which structures are found anterior to the trachea in the neck region?
Anterior to the trachea, you find the thyroid gland, the strap muscles, and in the thorax, the sternum forms the anterior boundary.
What lies posterior to the larynx?
hypopharynx) and the cervical vertebral column.
What is anterior to the larynx?
Skin, soft tissue, and the thyroid gland (lower portion).
What is posterior to the larynx?
The laryngopharynx (hypopharynx) and cervical vertebrae.
What is inferior to the larynx?
The trachea.
What is anterior to the trachea?
The thyroid gland (lower part) and sternum.
What is posterior to the trachea?
The esophagus.
What is superior to the trachea?
The larynx.
What type of epithelium lines the trachea and bronchi?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells (for mucus production and ciliary movement).
What type of epithelium is present in the alveoli?
Simple squamous epithelium (for efficient gas exchange).
In which division of the respiratory system does gas exchange occur?
Respiratory division (includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli).
What is the function of the conducting division of the respiratory system?
It warms, humidifies, and conducts air but does not participate in gas exchange (includes nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and terminal bronchioles).
What is the function of goblet cells in the respiratory epithelium?
Goblet cells secrete mucus, which traps dust, pathogens, and debris. The mucus is then moved by cilia to clear the airways.$
chemical equation for the bicarbonate buffer system.
What enzyme catalyzes the reaction of CO2 to bicarbonate and the reverse?
Carbonic anhydrase (found in red blood cells).
What is the typical volume of Residual Volume (RV)?
Residual Volume (RV) is the amount of air that always remains in the lungs to keep the alveoli compressed.
Typical volume: ~1200 mL.
What is the importance of Residual Volume (RV) in lung function?
Residual Volume (RV) helps keep the alveoli expanded, preventing lung collapse (atelectasis) between breaths.
What is the typical volume of Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)?
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) is the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled from the lungs after a normal exhalation.
Typical volume: 1000–1200 mL.
What is the Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)?
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) is the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled from the lungs after a normal exhalation.
Typical volume: 1000–1200 mL.
What is the typical volume of Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)?
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) is the amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled beyond the tidal volume.
Typical volume: 2100–3200 mL.
What is Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)?
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) is the amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled beyond the tidal volume.
Typical volume: 2100–3200 mL.
What is the typical volume of Tidal Volume (TV)?
Tidal Volume (TV) is the amount of air moved into and out of the lungs during quiet respiration.
Typical volume: ~500 mL per breath.
What is Tidal Volume (TV)?
Tidal Volume (TV) is the amount of air moved into and out of the lungs during quiet respiration (normal breathing).
Typical volume: ~500 mL per breath.
What muscle is primarily responsible for inhalation?
Diaphragm (contracts and moves downward).
What muscle helps lift the ribs during inhalation?
External intercostal muscles (lift the ribs upward and outward).
What happens to lung pressure during inhalation?
Intrapulmonary pressure drops below atmospheric pressure, causing air to flow into the lungs.
What muscle is primarily responsible for exhalation?
Diaphragm (relaxes and moves upward).
What muscles help during forced exhalation?
Internal intercostal muscles (pull ribs downward) and abdominal muscles (push diaphragm up).
What happens to lung pressure during exhalation?
Intrapulmonary pressure rises above atmospheric pressure, causing air to flow out of the lungs.
What is the pressure relationship during inhalation?
Intrapulmonary pressure < Atmospheric pressure (air moves into lungs).
What is the pressure relationship during exhalation?
Intrapulmonary pressure > Atmospheric pressure (air moves out of lungs).
: How does lung volume affect pressure during breathing?
c
What physics law explains the relationship between pressure and volume in the lungs?
Boyle’s Law – Pressure and volume are inversely related (when one increases, the other decreases).
How does Boyle’s Law apply to inhalation?
Lung volume increases → Pressure decreases → Air flows into the lungs.
How does Boyle’s Law apply to exhalation?
Lung volume decreases → Pressure increases → Air flows out of the lungs.
Why does air move in and out of the lungs?
Air moves from high pressure to low pressure, driven by Boyle’s Law during breathing.
