lab kidneys Flashcards
what structures lie close to the superior poles of the kidneys
adrenal gland / the diaphragm / 12th rib
the left kidney is slightly higher up than the right , what else is near the left kidney
Spleen, stomach, and through the diaphragm, the left kidney is also closely related to the 11th rib and pleura
what structure is related to the medial borders of the kidneys
Psoas major. On the right side, the inferior vena cava, renal vessels and ureter are close by. On the left, there is the adrenal gland, renal and suprarenal vessels and ureter.
what structures are related to the inferolateral portion of the kidney
Quadratus lumborum and transversus abdominis and the 1st lumbar nerve is related to the inferolateral portion.
c) If the ureter was found intra-operatively, how would you differentiate it from a blood vessel?
It undergoes peristalsis, which can be seen intra-operatively
psoas major. What does this muscle do?
Flexion of the hip, flexes and laterally rotates thigh.
what do medullary rays consist of
collecting ducts draining the nephron
what type of epithelium forms bowmans capsule
simple squamous , becoming cuboidal at the PCT
WHAT IS THE MACULA DENSA
is a patch of densely-packed epithelial cell nuclei along the distal convoluted tubule, adjacent to the afferent arteriole at the vascular pole of the corpuscle from which the tubule arose. It may function as a sensor for sodium and/or chloride concentration.
WHAT IS BOWMANS SPACE
space within bowmans capsule surrounding the loops and lobules of the glomerulus . it is the spadce in which the glomerular filtrate collects as it leaves the capillaries through the filtration membrane .
what is the incidence of a horseshoe kidney. what are the funtional affects
1:500
maybe reflux , tumors rarely- Wilm’s tumour
what are the main components of the male urethra
prostatic
membranous
spongy
hydrogen takes several forms in the urine
free H+
attached to phosphate
attached to ammonia
how to know if metabolic acidosis is due to ingestion of acid or loss of bicarbonate
If the cause of metabolic acidosis is loss of bicarbonate or primary failure of the nephrons to generate bicarbonate then chloride is passively re-absorbed in nephron with each sodium to maintain electroneutrality. If the cause of metabolic acidosis is Increased acid ingestion or increased acid production then there is a rise in the anion gap because there is a new unmeasured anion which is in solution with (measured) cations
if there is a normal anion gap in metabloc acidosis
due to loss bicarbonate reabsorption/ nephron disoprder
