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Zoology 224 > Lab IV (reptiles): Survey of the Reptiles > Flashcards

Lab IV (reptiles): Survey of the Reptiles Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of Reptiles

Skull

A
  • One occipital condyle (knob on back of skull that articulates with vertebral column)
  • Jaw atriculation between articular and quadrate
  • Skull type defined by number of temporal openings in cheek area. Either anapsid (no openings) or diapsid (two openings)
  • Some have developed kinetic skulls
  • Jaw margins with teeth, except in turtles (turtles have upper and lower jaw covered by keratinized plate or beak)
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2
Q

Characteristics of Reptiles

Skeleton

A
  • Well ossified; ribs with sternum form thoracic basket
  • Limbs paired (5 toes, adapted for climbing, running, paddling)
  • Body shape varies
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3
Q

Characteristics of Reptiles

Integument

A
  • Body covered with keratinized epidermal scales with addition of bony plates (turtles)
  • Few glands
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4
Q

Characteristics of Reptiles

Circulatory and Respiratory

A
  • Respire with lungs; cloaca used by some for respiration
  • 3-chambered heart; one pair aortic arches
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5
Q

Characteritics of Reptiles

Heat Regulation

A
  • Ectothermy (many regulate temperature by behavioural means)
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6
Q

Characteristics of Reptiles

Excretion

A
  • Paired kidneys
  • Uric acid = waste
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7
Q

Characteristics of Reptiles

Reproduction

A
  • Sexes separats; fertilization internal
  • Amniotic egg (chorion, amnion, allantois membrane) covered with calcareous or leathery shells; no larval stage
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8
Q

Skull Types in Amniotes

Classified based on what?

A
  • Morphology, especially number and position of temporal openings in cheek region associated with jaw musculature
  • Anapsid = no openings
    • First amniotes and turtles
  • Synapsid = one opening, low on skull
    • Most mammals
  • Diapsid = two openings; one high, one low
    • Everything else (all reptiles except turtles)
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9
Q

Integumentary Adaptations

A
  • Well-developed epidermal scales - main function = waterproofing
  • Snakes - ventral scales enlarged into broad, transverse bands (scutes)
  • Modified epidermal scales
    • Elongated spines/”horns”
    • Rattle of rattlesnake
    • Egg tooth (used by hatching young to open egg shell)
  • Well-developed dermal structures, i.e., bony plates in turtles
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10
Q

Subclass Amniota

Infraclass Anapsida

A
  • No temporal openings
  • Jaw muscles extend posteriorly through large occipital openings
  • Turtles are only living anapsids
  • First amniotes, greatest diversity during Paleozoic
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11
Q

Order Testudinata

A
  • Turtles
  • Body covered by rigid shell
  • Plastron (flat lower shell) and carapace (domed upper shell) formed from dermal plates
  • Carapace fused to vertebral column
  • Tootless jaws covered by horny beak
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12
Q

Family Testudinidae

A
  • Order Testudinata
  • True tortoises
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13
Q

Family Chelydridae

A
  • Order Testudinata
  • Snapping turtles
  • Long tail
  • Heavy armour shell
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14
Q

Family Cheloniidae

A
  • Order Testudinata
  • Sea turtles
  • Aquatic flippers
  • Marbles in eyes
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15
Q

Family Emydidae

A
  • Order Testudinata
  • Land and pond turtles
  • Painted turtle in Alberta
  • Very terrestrial
  • Circular shell
  • Limbs not modified into flippers
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16
Q

Infraclass Diapsida

A
  • Two temporal openings
  • Diversified during Mesozoic
17
Q

Superorder Lepidosauria

A
  • Scaly reptiles
  • Living forms = tautara and squamates (lizards, amphisbaenians, and snakes)
18
Q

Order Sphenodontia

A
  • Superorder Lepidosauria
  • Tuatara
  • Nocturnal and incapable of raising body temperature by basking
  • Feed on invertebrates
  • Bar between upper and lower temporal fenestra - perfect diapsid
  • Hole in middle of forehead (defines it from lizards)
19
Q

Order Squamata

A
  • Superorder Lepidosauria
  • “Lizards”
  • Some more related to snakes and amphisbaenians than to each other
  • Body covered by epidermal scales that may be modified into horny tubercles or plates
  • Leglessness has evolved repeatedly
  • Leglessless usually associated with life in dense vegetation
20
Q

Family Phrynosomatidae (formerly Iguanidae)

A
  • Superorder Lepidosauria
  • Mountain short-horned lizard in Alberta
  • Lots of spines
  • Squamates = anything that looks like lizard but is not tuatara or snake
21
Q

Amphisbaenians

A
  • Burrowing reptiles in tropical regions
  • Most legless, or with forelegs only
  • Single tooth on upper jaw which together with lower dentition provides specialized predatory device
  • Various modifications on head and snout for burrowing
22
Q

Snakes (Serpentes)

A
  • Specialized, legless squamates
  • Jaw adapted to allow snakes to swallow large prey
  • Differentiation of vertebral column is lost
  • Internal structures redued or absent due to specializations for serpentine life
23
Q

Family Colubridae

A
  • Snake (serpentes)
  • Non-venomous and rear-fanged
  • No rattle
  • Ventral scutes
  • E.g., garter snake
  • No rattle
24
Q

Family Viperidae

A
  • Snakes (serpentes)
  • Vipers
  • Rattlesnakes

Zoology 224 (10 decks)

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