Lab II: Survey of the Fishes Flashcards
1
Q
Characteristics of fish skull
A
- Bony jaws (premaxilla, maxilla, dentary) with varied mobility
- Mouth mostly terminal with teeth
2
Q
Characteristics of fish skeleton
A
- More or less bony; many vertebrae
- Two set of paired ventral fins (pectoral and pelvic). Fin rays support fins (reduced in Sarcopterygians)
- One or two dorsal fins; one medial anal fin
- Caudal fin homocercal (symmetrical) or heterocercal (not symmetrical)
- Form bone by replacing cartilage (endochondral formation) or direct formation (dermal formation)
3
Q
Characteristics of integument of fish
A
- Mucous glands
- Most with bony dermal sacles: Placoid (extinct), ganoid (early fish groups - diamond shape), cycloid (overlap), ctenoid (overlap with spikes)
- Skin with pigmented cells (chromatophores)
4
Q
Characteristics of circulation and respiration
A
- Respiration by gills supported by bony gill arches and covered by operculum
- Swim bladder with or without duct attached (absent in Chondrichthyes)
- Two-chambered heart (arterial and venus systems)
- Four pairs of aortic arches carry blood through gills
- Nucleated RBCs
5
Q
Heat regulation
A
-Ecothermy: External means raise temperature (same temperature as external environment)
6
Q
Characteristics of sexes
A
- Separate
- Paired gonads
7
Q
Characteristics of nervous system
A
- Paired olfactory lobes and small cerebrum; large optic lobes and cerebellum; 3 pairs semicircular canals
- Vibration and pressure reception via a lateral line system (sensory hair cells with cilia detect vibration - gives info about water movement and pressure)
8
Q
Three body forms of fish
A
- Terete = Highly active, fast-swimming, streamlined
- Compressed = laterally flattened, still-water, structured habitats
- Bottom-dwellers = Depressed (dorso-ventrally), may be flat like a skate or ray. Eyes on top, mouth on bottom
- Variation in bony fish body forms
9
Q
Fish phylum and subphylum
A
- Phylum = chordata
- Subphylum = vertebrata
10
Q
Superclass Agnatha
A
- Lack jaws
- Endoskeletal support
- Bone and paired appendages lacking in living species
- E.g., hagfish and lampreys
11
Q
Superclass Gnathostomata
A
- Jaws derived from modern gill arches
- Paired appendages (usually)
12
Q
Class Placodermi
A
- Superclass Gnathostomata
- Jaws with no teeth, very bony skull
13
Q
Class Chondrichthyes
A
- Superclass Gnathostomata
- Cartilaginous fishes
14
Q
Subclass Holocephali
A
- Superclass Gnathostomata
- Class Chondrichthyes
- Chimaeras, ratfish
- Small, cold water fish
15
Q
Subclass Elasmobranchii
A
- Superclass gnathostomata
- Class chondrichthyes
- Sharks and rays
- Range in shape and size
- Often predaceous
16
Q
Class Acanthodii (extinct)
A
- Superclass gnathostomata
- Many paired appendages
17
Q
Grade Osteichthyes
A
- Bony fishes
18
Q
Class Sarcopterygii
A
- “Lobe-finned fishes”
19
Q
Subclass Coelacanthimorpha
A
- Grade Osteichthyes
- Class Sarcopterygii
- Large heavy marine fish
- Inhabit deep water populations (isolated)
- Fleshy appendage
- Pectoral and pelvic girdle
20
Q
Subclass Porolepimorpha and Dipnoi
A
- Grade Osteichthyes
- Class Sarcopterygii
- Lungfishes
- Use surface air for respiration in gas bladder (evolutionary precursor to tetrapod lung)
21
Q
Class Actinopterygii
A
- Ray-finned fishes
22
Q
Subclass Chondrostei
A
- Primitive ray-finned fishes
23
Q
Order Polypteriformes
A
- Class Actinopterygii
- Subclass Chondrostei
- Bichirs
- Long, scaley, eel-like, many dorsal fins
24
Q
Order Acipenseriformes
A
- Class Actinopterygii
- Subclass Chondrostei
- Sturgeon and paddlefish
- Pointed snout, heterocercal tail in sturgeon
25
Q
Subclass Neopterygii, Order Amiiformes
A
- Bowfish
- Large gular plate
26
Q
Division Teleostei
A
- Higher bony fishes
- Lots of cranial ossification
- Cycloid or ctenoid scales
- Tail usually homocercal
- Swim bladder present at some point during development
27
Q
Order Osteoglossiformes
A
- Division teleostei
- Bony tongue
- Goldeye
- Large shiny eyes
28
Q
Order Anguilliformes
A
- Eels
- Snake-like
- Smaller scales than bichirs
- Single long dorsal fin
29
Q
Order Clupeiformes
A
- Division teleostei
- Herrings
- Big lower lip that exceeds upper lip
30
Q
Superorder Ostariophysi
A
- Mostly freshwater
- Small bones connect air bladder with inner ear (Weberian ossicles)
31
Q
Order Cypriniformes
A
- Superorder Ostariophysi
- Minnows, carps, suckers
- One dorsal fin
- White sucker = fleshy lip, ventral mouth
32
Q
Order Siluriformes
A
- Superorder Ostariophysi
- Catfishes
- Stonecat in Alberta
- Whiskers on face, pectoral spine
33
Q
Superorder Protacanthopterygii
A
- Salmoniformes - ancestral stock of more advanced teleosts
- Maxillary included in gape (mouth opening)
34
Q
Order Esociformes
A
- Mudminnow and northern pike
- Long body, pointed snout, many teeth
- Fins toward back
- One dorsal fin (at back of fish)
35
Q
Order Salmoniformes
A
- Salmon, trout, char, and whitefish
- Many anadromous (spawn in fresh water, grow to adulthood in marine habitats)
- Adipose dorsal fin
- One dorsal fin
36
Q
Salmo trutta
A
- Brown trout
37
Q
Oncorhynchus mykiss
A
- Rainbow trout
38
Q
Salvelinus confluentus
A
- Bull trout
39
Q
Salvelinus fontinalis
A
- Brook trout
40
Q
Prosopium williamsoni
A
- Mountain whitefish
41
Q
Coregonus clupeaformis
A
- Lake whitefish
42
Q
Superorder Paracanthopterygii
A
- 2 dorsal fins
- Grouped by convergence, not common ancestry
43
Q
Order Percopsiformes
A
- Superorder Paracanthopterygii
- Trout, perch in Alberta
- Small dorsal fin (x2 - one very small in posterior)
44
Q
Order Gadiformes
A
- Superorder paracanthopterygii
- Cods, burbot in Alberta
- 2 dorsal fins (second is very long in burbot)
45
Q
Superorder Acanthopterygii
A
- Spiny ray-finned fishes
- Refined feeding and locomotion structures (specialized feeding mechanisms)
- Very diverse
- Dominant in marine shallow habitats
46
Q
Order Gasterosteiformes
A
- Superorder Acanthopterygii
- Sea horses, pipefishes, stickleback (in Alberta)
47
Q
Order Scorpaeniformes
A
- Superorder Acanthopterygii
- Scorpionfishes, rockfishes, sculpin (in Alberta)
- Large spines
- Large, wide, gaping mouth
48
Q
Order Perciformes
A
- Superorder Acanthopterygii
- Largest vertebrate order
- Coral reef fishes, cichlids
- Perch, walleye in Alberta
- Walleye is more streamlined than perch; very spiny first dorsal fin
49
Q
Order Pleuronectiformes
A
- Superorder Acanthopterygii
- Flounders, soles
- Eyes on one side
