(lab) glossary Flashcards by Channtal <3

a laboratory technique that involves the removal of antibodies by the use of a specific antigen (i.e., red blood cell surface antigen)

absorption

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the proximity or closeness of a value to the true value

accuracy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

incurred due to external factors and is not inherited

acquired

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

normal serum constituents that increase or decrease in the presence of an infection, injury, or trauma to tissues; associated with inflammatory reactions

acute phase proteins

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

a substance added to vaccines to potentiate or enhance the immune response of the recipient; examples include alum and Freund’s adjuvant

adjuvant

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the key enzyme in the glycolytic cycle of Plasmodium parasite

aldolase

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

a process of attachment of one substance to the surface of another; attachment of an antibody to a specific antigen receptor on a cell surface

adsorption

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

binding strength between an antigenic determinant (epitope) and its complementary site (paratope) in the Fab region of the antibody

affinity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

absence of all immunoglobulins in serum

agammaglobulinemia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

aggregation or clumping of cellular or particulate antigens to their corresponding antisera containing antibodies

agglutination

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

an antibody capable of causing agglutination with multivalent surface antigens; usually belongs to igM class

agglutinin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

a particulate or cellular antigen involved in agglutination or aggregation

agglutinogen

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

an enzyme that liberates inorganic phosphates from phosphate esters; used as an indicator label in immunoassays

alkaline phosphatase

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

an alternative form(s) of a gene at a particular locus or specific position on a chromosome

allele

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

an antigen that triggers an allergic or hypersensitivity reaction

allergen

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

an adjuvant commonly added to human vaccines

alum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

an anti-sheep red blood cell antibody that causes hemolysis of sheep red blood cells in the presence of complement

amboceptor

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

a rapid rise in the immunoglobulin concentration following subsequent exposure to an antigen; also known as a secondary immune response or booster response

anamnestic response

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

an immunoglobulin (Ig) formed in response to an antigen

antibody

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

highest dilution factor of a sample that still results in a visible reaction (i.e., agglutination)

antibody titer

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

any substance that, when introduced into the body, stimulates antibody production

antigen

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

union of an antibody with its homologous antigen

antigen-antibody complex

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

accessory cells present in tissues that process antigens and display fragments on the cell surface in association with a Class Il major histocompatibility complex molecules; examples include dendritic cells and macrophages

antigen presenting cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

number of antigenic determinants on an antigen

Antigen valency

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

a specific region of an antigen that is recognized by the B- or T-cell receptors

Antigenic determinant

ability of a substance to react with immune products

Antigenicity

an autoimmune antibody directed against a nuclear component; usually seen in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

Antinuclear antibody (ANA)

an antibody produced against streptolysin 0, a hemolysin produced by group A Streptococcus

Antistreptolysin 0 (ASO)

suppressor and cytototoxic T-cells capable of recognizing and killing B-cells infected by viruses such as Epstein-Barr virus; also known as reactive lymphocytes

Atypical lymphocytes

former name of the hepatitis B surface antigen

Australia antigen

the condition in which an immune response is initiated by "self" antigens

Autoimmunity

the sum total binding strength between an antigen and an antibody

Avidity

a lymphocyte that originated from the bone marrow; cells of the adaptive immune response that possess surface antibodies that are specific to an epitope

B-cell

a protein not normally present in human blood but is present in a wide variety of inflammatory reactions; characterized by their ability to react With the C-polysaccharide component of pneumococci

C-reactive protein

a substance composed of fresh beef heart extract combined with lecithin and cholesterol

Cardiolipin

immunity that is dependent on T-cells and phagocytic cells

Cell-mediated immunity

the movement of cells such as neutrophils toward a stimulus

Chemotaxis

cell surface markers that are employed for immunophenotyping cells particularly lymphocytes; also known as cluster of differentiation

Cluster of designation (CD)

agglutinins that belong to the IgM class and are active at 4°C but not at 37°C

Cold agglutinins

a humoral mechanism of non-specific immune responses of at least 14 components that proceed in a cascading sequence of activation, resulting in cell lysis; formerly known as alexin; there are three complement pathways, namely, classical, alternative, and mannose-binding lectin

Complement

the process of binding of complement in a reaction with an antigen and antibody

Complement fixation

a substance that is similar to the patient sample that/s used to monitor the precision of analytical tests

Control

a protein molecule secreted by leukocytes that regulate immune response

Cytokine

a hemagglutination test that defines the characteristics of the heterophile antibody through guinea pig and beef cell antigens

Davidsohn differential test

the most common procedure for the separation of lymphocytes

Density gradient centrifugation

a fluid containing antibodies deliberately removed from red blood cells

eluate

a ligand assay that employs an enzyme label, and the binding reagent is an antibody

Enzyme immunoassay

a specific region of antigen that is recognized by a B-cell or T-cell

Epitope

a point of dilution in a serologic reaction in which there is maximal binding of the antigen and antibody as seen in precipitation reactions

Equivalence point

agglutinating antibodies that are produced in response to microorganisms that induce fever

Febrile agglutinins

a type of precipitation that occurs over a narrow range of antigen concentration; involves the aggregation of colloidal particles described as a fleecy mass or clump

Flocculation

a heterophile antibody that is found in serum samples of most normal individuals

Forssman antibody

a substance that absorbs Forsmann and serum sickness antibodies

Guinea pig kidney antigen

flagellar antigens

H-antigens

flagellar antigens

H-antigens

a small non-immunogenic molecule that can function as an epitope if bound to a carrier molecule

Hapten

agglutination of red blood cells

Hemagglutination

a substance that causes agglutination of erythrocytes

Hemagglutinin

rupturing (lysis) of red blood cells and the subsequent release of their contents into the surrounding fluid

Hemolysis

ruptured erythrocytes

Hemolyzed

antibodies that are produced in an individual in response to an antigen that will also react with another unrelated antigen

Heterophile antibodies

A retrovirus that causes disease affecting the immune system; etiologic agent of acquired immunodeficiency disease

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

adaptive immunity that involves the production of antibodies

Humoral immunity

a reaction that demonstrates a specific antibody response to an antigen

Immune response

a condition that is resistant to an infection

Immunity

a laboratory method employed for the qualitative or quantitative detection of antibodies

Immunodiffusion

an antigen capable of stimulating an immune response

Immunogen

outside the body; observable in a test tube

In vitro

within a living organism

In vivo

the process in which complement activity in a serum is nullified by heating

Inactivation

the total reaction of a body against an injury or invasion

Inflammation

capsular antigen

K antigen

a structure that forms when a multivalent antigen binds to an antibody in optimal or maximal proportions

Lattice

a molecule that binds or forms a complex with a biologic molecule such as receptors, proteins, or antibodies

Ligand

an antibody that causes the dissolution of cells

Lysin

a collection of structural genes that code for proteins that can serve as antigen-presenting molecules in cell-mediated immunity as well as proteins needed in tissue transplantation

Major histocompatibility complex

refers to the presence of multiple copies of the same epitope within the same antigen

Multivalent

an antigen-antibody reaction in which the reactive effect of a particular antigen is nullified by a specific antibody

Neutralization

a qualitative test to determine defects in the NADPH oxidase; employed in the detection of chronic granulomatous disease

Nitroblue tetrazolium test

nonspecific antibodies detected in patients with syphilis; examples include reagin and Wasserman antibodies

Non-treponemal antibodies

somatic antigen

O-antigen

a molecule that attaches itself to microorganisms or antigens to enhance phagocytosis

Opsonin

the process wherein the antibody coats an antigen to allow a more effective phagocytosis

Opsonization

serum samples obtained from patients during the acute and convalescent phase; used to determine if there is a significant antibody titer increase

Paired sera

related to all or every or a large group; a panspecific antibody has a capability of recognizing different isoforms of protein

Panspecific

a process wherein phagocytes, such as neutrophils and macrophages, engulf or "eat" microbes or particulate matter

Phagocytosis

the fluid matrix of unclotted blood

Plasma

a weak or negative antigen antibody-reaction that occurs when there is an antigen excess in the presence of a relatively low amount of antibody

Postzone reaction

an antigen-antibody reaction between a soluble antigen and an antibody that produces an insoluble precipitate

Precipitation

an antibody that interacts with a soluble antigen; IgG class are usually involved

Precipitin

tests that involve a specific recognition and interaction of an antigen to its corresponding antibody; examples include enzyme immunoassays and radioimmmunoassays; these tests are more sensitive than secondary tests

Primary tests

a weak or negative antigen-antibody reaction that occurs when serum containing antibodies is in excess in the presence of a relatively low amount of antigen

Prozone reaction

an immunologic test that employs radioisotopes as labels for antigens or antibodies, complements, or other reactants

Radioimmunoassay

an antibody-like substance produced in response to certain tissue invasion and destruction such as in syphilis

Reagin

an IgM antibody produced in patients with rheumatoid arthritis which binds to the Fc portion of IgG

Rheumatoid factor

a process in which cells, such as red blood cells, are coated with incomplete or blocking antibodies such as gG; does not result in agglutination

Sensitization

the detection of a specific antibody in the serum of an individual whose antibody was previously undetectable

Seroconversion

a progressively higher dissolution of a substance arranged in a definite sequence or series

Serial dilution

a branch of biology that deals with the study of antigens and antibodies and their biologic relationships

Serology

the fluid matrix of clotted blood

Serum

a type of hypersensitivity reaction that involves the giving of nonhuman gamma globulins for immunization; patients experience fever, rashes, lymphadenopathy, and joint inflammation

Serum sickness

a special affinity between an antigen and its corresponding antibody; a property of B- and T-cell receptors to recognize only one epitope

Specificity

a thymus-derived lymphocyte involved in cell-mediated immunity

T-cell

a biomarker found in elevated levels of body fluids in patients with neoplasms; tumor markers are employed for monitoring of the progression of neoplasms

Tumor markers

an antibody that is active at 37°C but not at 4°C; ex: IgG

Warm agglutinins

a serologic test employing cross-reacting Proteus somatic antigens employed for the diagnosis of rickettsial diseases

Weil-Felix test

a febrile agglutination serologic test used to detect febrile agglutinins

Widal agglutination test