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Biology 1401 > Lab Final Practicum > Flashcards

Lab Final Practicum Flashcards

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1
Q

fertilization

A

union of 2 gametes

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2
Q

zygote

A

The fused egg and sperm that develops into a diploid individual

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3
Q

DNA

A

Genetic material consisting of a double helix of nucleotides

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4
Q

chromosome

A

organized structure of DNA and protein

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5
Q

mitosis

A

the process by which cells divide for growth, maintenance, repair, and asexual reproduction (nuclear division)

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6
Q

cytokinesis

A

cytoplasmic division

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7
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

have genes for the same traits in the same order, but are not identical

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8
Q

duplicated chromosome

A

2 attached identical sister chromatids

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9
Q

sister chromatids

A

2 identical strands of chromosomes that are attached at the centromere

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10
Q

centromere

A

attaches 2 sister chromatids to each other in a duplicated chromosome

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11
Q

meiosis

A

the process by which sexually reproducing organisms generate gametes (sperm and egg)

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12
Q

diploid

A

somatic cells of most organisms have pairs of homologous chromosomes (2n)

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13
Q

haploid

A

cells produced my meiosis have unpaired chromosomes because the chromosome number have been reduced by half (n)

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14
Q

synapsis

A

duplicated chromosomes align side-by-side

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15
Q

crossing over

A

when segments of non sister chromatids may be exchanged

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16
Q

gamete

A

a sex cell (sperm or egg)

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17
Q

evolution

A

the process that results in changes in the genetic makeup of populations of organisms through time

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18
Q

natural selection

A

difference in survival and reproduction that occurs among individuals of a population that differ in one or more traits

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19
Q

population

A

a group of individuals of the same species occupying a given area

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20
Q

species

A

one or more populations that closely resemble each other, interbreed under natural conditions, and produce fertile offspring

21
Q

fitness

A

an organism’s contribution to the next generation’s gene pool

22
Q

homology

A

homologous structures that come from a common ancestor, therefore have the same structure

23
Q

analogy

A

analogous structures serve same function between organisms but are different in internal anatomy

24
Q

vestigial

A

vestigial structures are often remnants of structures found in ancestral species and may also provide clues to evolutionary history

25
Q

genome

A

all genetic material in an organism

26
Q

cladogram

A

treelike diagram used to illistrate evolutionary relationships among organisms, looking at bigger picture (species)

27
Q

RNA

A

nucleic acid typically consisting of a single strand of nucleotides

28
Q

nucleotide

A

building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a phosphate group, a nitrogenous base, and a 5 carbon sugar

29
Q

replication

A

before a cell can divide it must copy its DNA

30
Q

transcription

A

production of RNA using DNA as a template (DNA -> RNA)

31
Q

translation

A

assembly of an amino acid chain according to the sequence of nucleotides in mRNA (mRNA -> protein)

32
Q

codon

A

a triplet of mRNA bases that specifies a particular amino acid

33
Q

gene

A

sequence of DNA that codes for a specific protein or RNA molecule

34
Q

DNA vs. RNA

A

DNA
- genetic material
- nucleic acid
- organized into functional units called genes (instructions)
RNA
- nucleic acid, produced in nucleus, used in cytoplasm, exits through nuclear pores
- mRNA- intermediary to DNA and carries the information for the amino acid sequence of a protein
- tRNA- transfer
- rRNA- ribosome
- RNA polymerase
- enzyme that catalyzes the reaction
- helps find correct RNA base pair

35
Q

allele

A

difference versions of the same gene

36
Q

true-breeding

A

always producing offspring identical to the parent for one or more traits (homozygous)

37
Q

hybrid

A

carrying 2 different alleles of the same gene

38
Q

homozygous

A

have 2 copies of that allele

39
Q

heterozygous

A

have 2 different alleles for a single gene

40
Q

genotype

A

gene or genes that influence a phenotypic trait

41
Q

phenotype

A

all physical and behavioral traits that constitute an individual

42
Q

recessive

A

phenotype of recessive alleles are masked by dominate ones

43
Q

complete dominance

A

dominant allele completely masks the expression or effect of the recessive allele

44
Q

incomplete dominance

A

when an expression of some genes result in 3 phenotypes (ex- red+white=pink)

45
Q

co-dominance

A

2 traits both appear in heterozygous offspring (ex- red cow+white cow=red & white cow)

46
Q

multiple alleles

A

gene exists in 3 alternate forms, 2 alleles are co-dominant (ex- blood types)

47
Q

sex-linked

A

genes located on the sex chromosomes

48
Q

test crosses

A

a mating of an individual of unknown genotype to a homozygous recessive individual to reveal the unknown genotype

Biology 1401 (4 decks)

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