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Biology 1401 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Which of the following is not a characteristic common to all living things?

A

Capturing energy via photosynthesis

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2
Q

After spending an hour working outside in hot, sunny weather, a person typically perspires and will need to drink water. This is apart of ______

A

Maintaining homeostasis

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3
Q

In order to distinguish a living organism from a non-living organism, what must be true of the living organism? The living organism consists of…

A

One or more cells

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4
Q

The results of a dehydration synthesis reaction can be reversed by…

A

A hydrolysis reaction

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5
Q

Fatty acids with double bonds between shoe of their carbons are said to be…

A

Unsaturated

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6
Q

The storage form of carbohydrates is _____ in animals and _____ in plants

A

Glycogen … starch

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7
Q

The building block of a phospholipid is an amino acid (True or False)

A

False

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8
Q

Base pairs are CG and AT in DNA (True or False)

A

True

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9
Q

Glucose molecules are to starch as ____ are to proteins

A

Amino acids

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10
Q

Table salt (NaCl) is formed when…

A

Sodium donates an electron to chlorine

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11
Q

Peptide bonds…

A

Link amino acids

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12
Q

The primary structure of a protein is…

A

The amino acid sequence of the polypeptide chain

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13
Q

Hydrohobic substances such as vegetable oil are…

A

Nonpolar substances that repel water

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14
Q

Which of the following statements is true regarding the molecule illustrated above?

A

It is a saturated fatty acid and it contains a carboxyl group

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15
Q

If a covalent bond is polar…

A

Due to the unequal sharing of electrons, one of the atoms has a partial negitive charge

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16
Q

What is the correct sequence of events with regard to the flow of genetic material?

A

DNA -> RNA -> protein

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17
Q

What is a gene?

A

A monomer of a protein and part of the DNA

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18
Q

Which of the following contains a carboxyl group and an amino group

A

Amino acids

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19
Q

What kind of bond joins monomers to form a polymer?

A

Covalent bonds

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20
Q

An ecosystem would include all of the following except…

A

A biosphere

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21
Q

Based on your knowledge of polarity of water molecules, the solute particle in the figure to the right is most likely…

A

Positively charged

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22
Q

Glucose contains…

A

Potential energy

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23
Q

ATP releases energy when ____

A

A phosphate is removed

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24
Q

A child is brought to the hospital with a fever of 107*F. Doctors immediately order an ice bath to lower the child’s temp. Which of the following statements offers the most logical explanation for this action?

A

Elevated body temps may denature enzymes. This woul interfere with the cell’s abilities to catalyze various reactions

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25
Q

You are adrift in the Atlantic Ocean, and, being thirsty, drink the surrounding seawater. As a result…

A

You dehydrate yourself

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26
Q

Which of the following processes can move a solute against its concentration gradient?

A

Active transport

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27
Q

In the lab, you use a special balloon that is permeable to water, but not sucrose, to make an “artificial cell.” The balloon is filled with a solution of 20% sucrose dissolved in water and is immersed in a beaker containing a solution of 40% sucrose dissolved in water. Which of the following will occur?

A

Water will leave the balloon

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28
Q

A white blood cell surrounds and engulfs a worn-out red blood cell, forming a vehicle around the red blood cell. This process is called…

A

Phagocytosis

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29
Q

During which 2 processes of cellular respiration is CO2 produced?

A

Preparation reaction and Krebs cycle

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30
Q

What is the fate of the NADHs produced during glycolysis?

A

They are shipped to the inner mitochondrial matrix and used in the electron transport chain

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31
Q

The product of the preparatory reaction is ____

A

Acetyl-CoA

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32
Q

Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle are similar in that they both produce ___

A

Both NADH and ATP

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33
Q

Which of the following is a list of molecules in correct order as cellular respiration proceeds?

A

Glucose - pyruvate - acetyl CoA

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34
Q

The number of ATP produced during cellular respiration from one glucose molecule is _____

A

38

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35
Q

Which of the following processes is endergonic?

A

The synthesis of glucose from carbon dioxide and water

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36
Q

A child is born with a rare disease in which mitochodria are missing from skeletal muscle cells. However the muscles still function. Physicians find that…

A

The muscles contain large amounts of locate following even mild exercise

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37
Q

ATP is so stable that an excess of ATP is stored in cells, more than is needed at any moment in time. (True or False)

A

False

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38
Q

Which is the following is a result of glycolysis?

A

Conversion of glucose to two 3-carbon compounds

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39
Q

Which of the following options lists the stages in cellular respiration in the correct order?

A

Glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation

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40
Q

Oxidation is the ____, and reduction is the ____

A

Loss of electrons … Gain of electrons (Oil Rig)

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41
Q

How many molecules of NADH are produced during glycolysis?

A

2

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42
Q

Each FADH2 yield a maximum of ____ ATP, and each NADH yield a maximum of ____ ATP as a result of transferring pairs of electrons to the electron transport chain

A

2 … 3

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43
Q

Some friend are trying to make wine in their basement. They’ve added yeast to a sweet grape juice mixture and have allowed the yeast to grow. After several days they find that sugar levels in the grape juice have dropped, but there’s no alcohol in the mixture. The most likely explanation is that…

A

The mixture needs less oxygen, because yeast only produce alcohol in the absence of oxygen

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44
Q

What metabolic pathway is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration of a glucose molecule?

A

Glycolysis

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45
Q

The final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration is…

A

Oxygen

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46
Q

When electrons flow along the electron transport chain of the mitochondria, which of the following changes occur?

A

The ph of the matrix

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47
Q

In glycolysis, ____ is oxidized and ____ is reduced

A

Glucose … NAD+

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48
Q

Cyanide blocks the electron transport chain and as a result, glycolysis, the prep reactions and the Krebs cycle also stop. Why do they stop?

A

They all run out of NAD+

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49
Q

Glycolysis (location in cell)

A

Cytoplasm

50
Q

Krebs cycle (location in cell)

A

Matrix of mitochondria

51
Q

Electron transport chain (location in cell)

A

Cristae of the mitochondria

52
Q

Prep reactions (location in cell)

A

Matrix of mitochondria

53
Q

Diffusion (location in cell)

A

Plasma membrane

54
Q

What feature is common to prokaryotes and plants?

A

Cell walls

55
Q

Why does DNA associate with protein to become chromatin?

A

This is the only way to fit all of the DNA into the nucleus

56
Q

Based on their function, you would expect melanocytes in the skin to have a higher than usual number of…

A

Ribosomes

57
Q

The oils from the sebaceous glands is produced by which of the following organelles?

A

SER (smooth endoplasmic reticulum)

58
Q

Which of the following cell structures do not usually contain DNA?

A

Lysosome

59
Q

Some proteins within a cell can be viewed with…

A

A light microscope

60
Q

Intermediate filaments…

A

surround the nucleus and hold it in place

61
Q

DNA replication…

A

Uses each strand of a DNA molecule as a template for the creation of a new strand

62
Q

Which of the following enzymes catalyzes the elongation of a new DNA strand?

A

DNA polymerase

63
Q

Which of the following takes place during translation?

A

The conversion of genetic information from the language of nucleic acids to the language of proteins

64
Q

Which of the following is a function of tRNA?

A

Joining to only one specific type of amino acid

65
Q

The term “gene expression” refers to the…

A

Process by which genetic information flows from genes to proteins

66
Q

The lac operon in E. coli…

A

Prevents lactose-utilizing enzymes from being expressed when lactose is absent from the environment

67
Q

Which of the following statements regarding DNA packing is false?

A

Tight DNA packing tends to promote gene expression

68
Q

RNA splicing involves the…

A

Removal of introns from the molecule

69
Q

If the S phase were eliminated from the cell cycle, the daughter cells would…

A

Have half the genetic material found in the parent cell

70
Q

Muscle cells differ from nerve cells mainly because they…

A

Express different genes

71
Q

A human heart cell contains ____ chromosomes

A

46

72
Q

Somatic cells produced by mitosis are diploid (True or False)

A

True

73
Q

A nucleotide is composed of all of the following except…

A

Amino acid

74
Q

The segments of eukaryotic mRNA that are translated into protein are called…

A

Exons

75
Q

The strand of DNA that encodes the RNA molecule during transcription is the…

A

Template strand

76
Q

A DNA sequence that signals a gene’s start is…

A

A promoter

77
Q

In a “frameshift” mutation…

A

May be caused by an addition or deletion of one or more nucleotides

78
Q

Why would it take more energy to separate the double-stranded region of DNA with the sequence GCGCGCGC than a region with the sequence ATATATAT?

A

GC base pairs form more hydrogen bonds

79
Q

The 3’ and 5’ designations refer to the numbers that chemists assign to the…

A

Carbon atoms in the nitrogen bases

80
Q

A tRNA molecule is “bilingual” because it binds to…

A

Codons of mRNA and to amino acids

81
Q

If you compared the DNA sequence of a gene with the sequence of the mature mRNA that was transcribed from the gene you would find…

A

The mRNA is shorter because it does not contain introns

82
Q

How can a single gene encode for more than one protein?

A

By removing different combinations of introns

83
Q

Of all the people who have studied inheritance, the person who made the most lasting impression on the science of genetics is…

A

Charles Darwin

84
Q

A healthy young couple are both carriers of cystic fibrosis, the chance that each of their future children will inherit this serious illness is…

A

25%

85
Q

Gametes may carry different combinations of alleles because of…

A

Crossing over and random alignment of chromosomes

86
Q

The pea plant is a good choice for studying heredity because it…

A

Is easy to control which plants mate with each other

87
Q

A monohybrid cross is a mating between 2 individuals that are both…

A

Heterozygous for one gene

88
Q

A test cross is a mating of an individual with an unknown genotype and an individual that…

A

Is homozygous recessive

89
Q

To inherit an autosomal recessive disorder requires a person to recieve the disease causing allele from…

A

Both parents

90
Q

Hemophilia A is an X-linked recessive disorder. If a normal man marries a woman who is a carrier, what fraction of their sons will have hemophilia?

A

50%

91
Q

In meiosis, homologous chromosomes separate during…

A

Anaphase 1

92
Q

Darwin observed that different types of organisms were found on either side of a geographic barrier. The barrier was preventing…

A

Gene flow

93
Q

How many sex chromosomes are in a human gamete?

A

1

94
Q

Sex-linked conditions are more common in men than in women because…

A

Men need to inherit only one copy of the recessive allele for the condition to be fully expressed

95
Q

A cell with 2 full sets of chromosomes would be termed a ____ cell

A

Diploid

96
Q

What is the major advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction?

A

Genetic variability during an ecological disaster

97
Q

(Examine diagram) Man 1 shares the same number of STRs as 1 in 5,000 people. Man 2 shares the same number of STRs as 1 in 10,000 people. Man 3 shares the same number of STRs as one in 3,500 people. DNA extracted from samples at the crime scene found 6 STR repeats, giving the interpretation that…

A

Man 2 is likely guilty, considering that he has a rare STR profile that matches crime scene samples; if he matches in any other STRs, he is most likely the suspect

98
Q

Which of the following is transgenic?

A

A yeast cell that expresses a gene from a fish

99
Q

To do PCR, a special bacterial polymerase (called TAQ polymerase) is used, why?

A

Because it is heats table and can withstand the high temperatures

100
Q

What happens to an atom if the electrons in the outer shell are altered?

A

The charge of the atom changes

101
Q

A(n) ____ forms when 2 atoms share electrons

A

Covalent bond

102
Q

How many covalent bonds can hydrogen form?

A

1

103
Q

Which of the following statements regarding the oxygen atom is true?

A

Oxygen is more electronegative than the hydrogen atoms

104
Q

Which of the following option correctly pairs a polymer with its monomer?

A

DNA, nucleotides

105
Q

A hydroxyl group added to a carbon skeleton does what to the carbon skeleton?

A

Makes it polar

106
Q

Molecules are formed…

A

When atoms interact so as to complete their outer electron shells

107
Q

To obtain energy from starch and glycogen, the body must begin by…

A

Hydrolyzing both starch and glycogen to glucose

108
Q

What powers ATP synthase to produce ATP during chemiosmosis? (what spins the ATP synthase “turbine” so it can make ATP; where does the energy come from?)

A

Flow of hydrogen ions down a concentration gradient through the enzyme

109
Q

When a cell is in a solution where the concentration of solute is the same in the cell as in the solution, the solution is called ____

A

Isotonic

110
Q

What are the products of cellular respiration?

A

Water, carbon dioxide, ATP

111
Q

The products of the Krebs cycle include…

A

CO2, ATP, NADH, FADH2

112
Q

Disease-carrying bacteria often attach to cells they attack. The bacterial structures used to aid that attachment are…

A

Fimbriae (pili)

113
Q

Correct sequence for an protein that is secreted (sent out) from the cell

A

RER (rough endoplasmic reticulum) - Golgi apparatus - plasma membrane

114
Q

Cyanide inhibits mitochondrial function, as a result, the rate of…

A

ATP synthesis decreases

115
Q

The function of a chloroplast is…

A

Cellular respiration

116
Q

Where do the vesicles originate that are involved in secretion (moving things out of the cell)?

A

Golgi apparatus

117
Q

3 basic shapes of bacteria are…

A

Bacillus, cocci, spirilli

118
Q

How do vesicles carrying proteins destined for the plasma membrane get to the plasma membrane?

A

Along microtubules

119
Q

The preparatory reaction occurs ____ for every glucose molecule

A

twice

120
Q

A mutant eukaryotic cell is found in which one mitochondria lack an inner mitochondrial membrane. Which of the following pathways would be completely disrupted in these mitochondria?

A

Electron transport chain

121
Q

The mitochondria cristae are an adaptation that…

A

Increases the surface area of the inner mitochondria membrane, making space for more copies of the electron transport chain and ATP synthase complexes

122
Q

Muscle soreness associated with strenuous exercise is at least partly due to…

A

The presence of lactate produced during fermentation in muscle cells

Biology 1401 (4 decks)

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