Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology 2125 > Lab Final Exam > Flashcards

Lab Final Exam Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Identify this part of the microscope and its function

A

Arm

Stability and Support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Identify the part of the microscope and its function

A

Base

Stability and Support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Identify the part of the microscope and its function

A

Coarse Adjustment Knob

For Scanning power focus of the specimen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Identify the part of the microscope and its function

A

Condenser

Focuses light onto the specimen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Identify the part of the microscope and its function

A

Diaphragm

Channels light through the aperture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Identify the part of the microscope and its function

A

Fine adjustment knob

High power focusing of the specimen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Identify the part of the microscope and its function

A

Beams light through the diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Identify the part of the microscope and its function

A

Mechanical Stage

Supports the specimen being viewed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Identify the part of the microscope and its function

A

Objective Lenses

Collects light from the sample for delivery to the ocular lenses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Identify the part of the microscope and its function

A

Ocular Lens

brings the image to focus for viewing with the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the four solutions used in a gram stain?

A

Crystal violet

Gram’s Iodine

Ethanol Alcohol

Safranin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the significance of Gram Staining?

A

most important differential staining procedure in micro because most bacteria are either gram – or +.

This technique permits differentiation of four major categories based upon color reaction and shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Crystal Violet in Gram Staining

A

•stains the cells in the smear all the same purple colors. (Primary dye)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Gram’s Iodine in Gram Staining

A

•causes the primary dye to form crystals in the cell walls.

–The peptidoglycan layer in gram + cells are much thicker, causing the entrapment of the primary dye to be far more extensive.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

ETOH Function in Gram Staining

A

dissolves lipids in the outer membrane and removes the dye from the peptidoglycan layer and the gram – cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Safranin function in Gram Staining

A

dyes the now colorless, gram – bacteria, but does not affect the gram + because crystal violet dye was not accessible to the ETOH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Steps in Gram Staining

A
  • Heat sterilize loops and slides
  • Place one drop of water on slide (small)
  • Using loop, smear specimen on slide in water
  • Allow slide to air dry
  • Heat set slide using flame by passing slide quickly over flame
  • Apply Crystal violet stain to slide and allow to soak for 1 minute
  • Wash slide with deionized water
  • Apply Gram’s iodine to slide and allow to soak for 1 minute
  • Wash slide
  • Decolorize slide by dropping 95% ETOH on slide and rocking back and forth for 15 seconds
  • Flood slide with safranin for 30 seconds
  • Wash slide with water and blot dry
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Identify the organism, Gram Reaction, Cell Morphology, and Cell Arrangement

A

Staphylococcus Aureus

Gram Positive

Cocci

Clusters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Identify the Organism, Gram Reaction, Cell Morphology, and Cell arrangement

A

Bacillus Megaterium

Gram Positive

Bacilli (Rods)

Chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Spore Staining Technique

A
  • Heat sterilize loops and slides
  • Place one drop of water on slide (small)
  • Using loop, smear specimen on slide in water
  • Allow slide to air dry
  • Heat set slide using flame by passing slide quickly over flame
  • Cut a piece of blotting paper to place over the smear, just big enough to not hang over the slide.
  • Place slide in steam bath and saturate the blotting paper with Malachite green stain for three minutes. Make sure the paper remains saturated
  • After 3 minutes, remove the slide from the steam bath and the paper from the slide.
  • Thoroughly rinse the slide with a gentle stream of water. The vegetative cells will lose their color during this rinse.
  • Flood the smear with safranin for 1 minute. This will stain the vegetative cells.
  • Wash the slide and blot dry
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

After endospores are stained, what color will they be

A

Green

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Acid Fast Stain Technique

A
  1. Prepare air dried, heat fixed slide
  2. Stain slide with carbolfuchsion on blotting paper and steam bath for 5 minutes
  3. Wash slide with water
  4. Decolorized slide with acid-alcohol for 15 seconds.
  5. Saturate smear with methylene blue for 1 minute
  6. Wash slide with water
  7. Blot dry
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Common Acid-Fast Bacteria and it’s disease state

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Causes TB (Tuberculosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Identify the Stain Technique and the results

A

Acid-Fast Stain

A) Non-Acid-Fast organism (Blue)

B) Acid-Fast Organisms are Red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Streak Plate (Pure Culture) Technique

A
  1. Obtain two different cultures and mix them into one test tube.
  2. Aseptically smear one quadrant of agar in a dish from the mixed culture tube.
  3. Flame loop and smear second quadrant of agar after sliding loop through the first quadrant. Continue procedure with the last two quadrants, using the previous quadrant as your source of bacteria
  4. Incubate the agar plate at 370C for 24-48 hours
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q
A

Streaked Isolation plate with Isolated colonies in the 4th Quadrant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

MSA (Mannitol Salt Agar) is used to isolate which microbe?

A

Staphylococci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Steps for Isolating Staphylococcus

A
  1. Obtain two swabs in sterile solution
  2. Obtain two Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA) Plates
  3. Swab inner nose with one swab
  4. Inoculate MSA plate with nasal swab and incubate at 370C
  5. Swab an environmental location with second swab
  6. Inoculate MSA plate with environmental swab and incubate at 370C
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What organism will ferment Mannitol? What color will it turn?

A

•Staphylococcus aureus ferments mannitol and turns it yellow, as the specimen on the left below. Other Staphylococci grow in the MSA, but do not ferment the mannitol.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Identify the Organism

A

Staphylococcus Aureus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Identify the type of organism

A

Yeast (Fungi)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Identify the type of organism

A

Mold (Fungi)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Identify the type of organism

A

Protozoa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

A bubble in the tube for Carbohydrate fermentation means?

A

Gas was produced when the organism was consuming the carbohydrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Identify the Carbohydrate Fermentation Results

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Starch Digestion

A

After incubation of a specimen on starch agar, flood the plate with gram’s iodine. If the specimen digested starch, there will be a clear space around it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Catalase Production Results

A

If the specimen bubbles when flooded with H2O2, then the specimen is positive for catalase production.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Hydrogen sulfide production Results

A

•H2S production is indicated in SIM medium by turning the medium dark brown, almost black.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is Indole Production’s indicator solution

A

Kovak’s reagent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Indole Production Results

A

Indole production is indicated by a pink top after 20 drops of Kovacs reagent.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Urea Digestion Results

A

Certain bacteria produce urease which breaks down the urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide. Inoculating a nutrient broth that contains urea and phenol red indicator will test for urea digestion by urease. If the broth turns pink (left tube), it is positive for Urea digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Motility Medium (SIM) Results

A

Motile organisms will spread out from the line of inoculation while non-motile organisms will only grow along the line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Blood Agar Plates (Sheep’s Blood Agar and Chocolate Agar)

A

•Blood agar plates will determine hemolytic activity if there are clear spaces around the bacteria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

MSA Mannitol Salt Agar Plate

A

Mannitol salt agar will determine the bacteria’s tolerance of high saline levels. The bacteria on the left has a high tolerance and digested the mannitol salt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

MAC (MacConkey Agar)

A

•MacConkey agar contains bile salts to inhibit nonenteric bacteria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

TSI (Triple Sugar Iron) Test

A

Three reactions: butt of tube turns yellow (acid) and slant turns red (alkaline) for glucose fermentation; Butt and slant remain yellow (acid) for sucrose and/or lactose fermentation; No CHO fermentation and the tube remains red (alkaline). Gas production will cause cracks in the agar and hydrogen sulfide production turns the agar black.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Describe this process

A

•To make a serial dilution of 10-7, obtain three 99mL dilute bottles and one 9.0mL. Transfer 1.0mL of the substance into the 9.0mL bottle, then 1.0mL from the 9.0mL to the first 99mL bottle, then 1.0mL from the first 99mL bottle to the second. Similar to what’s shown below. Remember for every 9mL transfer, you add one dilution power. For every 99mL transfer, you add two.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Identify the organism

A

Giardia lamblia

50
Q

Identify the Organism

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

51
Q

Identify the Organism

A

Entamoeba histolytica

52
Q

Identify the Organism

A

Plasmodium Vivax

53
Q

Identify the Organism

A

Clonorchis sinensis

54
Q

Identify the Organism

A

Schistosoma mansoni

55
Q

Identify the Organism

A

Balantidium coli

56
Q

Selective Media

A
  • used to select (isolate) specific groups of bacteria;
  • chemical substances in the media inhibit the growth of one type of bacteria while permitting growth of another (MSA, EMB, MacConkey)
57
Q

Differential Media

A
  • distinguishes among morphologically and biochemically related groups of organisms;
  • chemical compounds (following inoculation and incubation) produce a characteristic change in the appearance of bacterial growth and/or the medium surrounding the colonies (MSA, EMB, MacConkey)
58
Q

Enriched Media

A

supplemented with highly nutritious materials, such as blood, serum, or yeast extracts, for the cultivation of fastidious organisms

59
Q

MSA Plate

A

Mannitol Salt Agar

Both Selective and Differential

Differentiates Staphylococcus species

60
Q

What is the indicator for the MSA Plate?

A

Phenol Red

61
Q

EMB Agar

A

Eosin Methylene Blue Agar

Both Selective AND Differential

contains the dyes methylene blue and eosin which inhibit Gram (+) bacteria, thus favoring growth of Gram( – )

contains lactose, thus allowing for the distinction between lactose fermenters and nonferments

Used on Enterobacteria (Gram (-) Rods)

62
Q

MAC Agar Plat

A

MacConkey’s Agar

A selective and differential medium used to isolate members of the Enterobacteriaceae

Bile salts and crystal violet inhibit growth of G+ organisms (selective)

Contains nutrients, including lactose, as well as bile salts, neutral red and crystal violet

63
Q

Beta Hemolysis

A

complete hemolysis. It is characterized by a clear (transparent) zone surrounding the colonies. Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus agalactiae are b-hemolytic

64
Q

Alpha Hemolysis

A

Colonies typically are surrounded by a green, opaque zone. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus mitis are a-hemolytic

Partial hemolysis

65
Q

Gamma Hemolysis

A

There are no notable zones around the colonies

No Hemolysis

66
Q

SIM Medium

A

This is a differential medium. It tests the ability of an organism to do several things: reduce sulfur, produce indole and swim through the agar (be motile). SIM is commonly used to differentiate members of Enterobacteriaceae.

67
Q

How are SIM tubes inoculated

A

with a single stab to the bottom of the tube

68
Q

Coagulase Test

A

Coagulase is an enzyme that clots blood plasma. This test is performed on Gram-positive, catalase positive species to identify the coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus. Coagulase is a virulence factor of S. aureus. The formation of clot around an infection caused by this bacteria likely protects it from phagocytosis. This test differentiates Staphylococcus aureus from other coagulase negative Staphylococcus species.

69
Q

Citrate Agar

A

This is a defined medium used to determine if an organism can use citrate as its sole carbon source. It is often used to differentiate between members of Enterobacteriaceae. In organisms capable of utilizing citrate as a carbon source, the enzyme citrase hydrolyzes citrate into oxaoloacetic acid and acetic acid. The oxaloacetic acid is then hydrolyzed into pyruvic acid and CO2. If CO2 is produced, it reacts with components of the medium to produce an alkaline compound (e.g. Na2CO3). The alkaline pH turns the pH indicator (bromthymol blue) from green to blue

70
Q

Methyl Red Test

A

This test is used to determine which fermentation pathway is used to utilize glucose. In the mixed acid fermentation pathway, glucose is fermented and produces several organic acids (lactic, acetic, succinic, and formic acids).

71
Q

Urease Test

A

This test is used to identify bacteria capable of hydrolyzing urea using the enzyme urease. It is commonly used to distinguish the genus Proteus from other enteric bacteria. The hydrolysis of urea forms the weak base, ammonia, as one of its products. This weak base raises the pH of the media above 8.4 and the pH indicator, phenol red, turns from yellow to pink.

72
Q

Durham Tubes are used for?

A

Determining gas production in a Glucose, lactose, and Sucrose

73
Q

What is the indicator for a Glucose/Lactose/Sucrose fermentation test?

A

Phenol Red

74
Q

Synthetic Media

A

Media which all ingredients in the mixture are known

75
Q

Complex Media

A

All chemicals and substances inside the mixture are not known (SBA, Chocolate Agar)

76
Q

Antiseptics are used where?

A

On the outside of the body

77
Q

Antibiotics are used where?

A

Inside the body

78
Q

Disinfectants are used where?

A

On Hard, non-porus, non-living tissue

79
Q

Examples of Antiseptics

A

Listerine

Iodine/Betadine

80
Q

Examples of Disinfectants

A

Amphyl

Lysol

81
Q

Examples of Antibiotics

A

Oxacillin

Ampicillin

Penicillin

Erythromycin

Genamycin

Sulfa (SXT)

82
Q

Considerations when administering

A

appropriateness

Side Effects

Dosage

Exposure Time

Mode of Delivery

Allergic Reactions

Mode of Action (Inhibition mode)

Broad or Narrow- Spectrum

Chemical Nature

83
Q

Mueller-Hinton Agar is used for what type of test?

A

commonly used for antibiotic susceptibility testing

84
Q
A
85
Q

Spore

A

a unit of sexual or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavourable conditions.

86
Q

Hyphae

A

each of the branching filaments that make up the mycelium of a fungus.

87
Q

Sporangia

A

a receptacle in which asexual spores are formed

88
Q

What is the Kirby-Bauer test used for?

A

uses antibiotic-containing wafers or disks to test whether particular bacteria are susceptible to specific antibiotics

89
Q

Glucose/Lactose/Sucrose Fermentation test positive/Negative result

Indicator

Required Enzyme

A

Bubble in the Durham tube, yellow color (Positive)

Purple in the tube, No bubble in the durham tube (Negative)

Bromocresol Purple

(Multiple, Lactase, Sucrase)

90
Q

Glucose/Lactose/Sucrose Fermentation test negative result

A
91
Q

Starch digestion test postitive/Negative result

Indicator

Enzyme Required

A

Bright colony with glowing background (Positive)

(Negative) Iridescent colony w/ dark background

Gram’s Iodine (Added)

Amylase

92
Q

starch digestion test negative result

A
93
Q

DNA Digestion Test Positve and Negative Result

Indicator

Required Enzyme

A

Bright Yellow colony (positive)

Blue background w Normal iridescent colony (Negative)

Methyl Green (Already in Plate)

DNAse

94
Q

Catalase production Positive/Negative results

Indicator

Required Enzyme

A

Postive-Bubble

Negative-No Bubbles

Hydrogen peroxide (Added)

Catalase

95
Q

Indole Production test positive/negative result

Indicator

Required Enzyme

A

Positive- Red Top Layer

Negative- No change/ Yellow color

Kovacs Reagent (added)

Tryptophanase

96
Q

Hydrogen Sulfide Production test Positive/Negative Result

Indicator

Required Enzyme

A

Positive-Black, Cloudy tube

Negative- Agar Color/ No change

H2S+ Fe2+

Cysteine Desulfurase

97
Q

Urea Digestion Test Positive/Negative Result

Indicator

Required Enzyme

A

Positive-Bright Pink

Negative- Orange/Yellow

Phenol Red

Urease

98
Q

Why are plates incubated in an inverted position?

A

So the condensation from the lid of the plate does not contaminate the culture or inhibit growth

99
Q

Steps of a Simple Stain

A

Air-Dried, Heat-Fixed Smear (Slide)

Add drops of Methylene Blue or Crystal Violet

Rinse w/ DI Water

Allow slide to air-dry or blot

View bacteria under 1000x

100
Q

How will the bacterial specimen appear in a simple stain?

A

They will appear the color of the dye against a white background

101
Q

Steps of a Negative Stain

A

Drop ocngo red near one edge of slide

add bacterial specimen to the drop, mix sample

Clean another slide

Angle the slide and smear original slide

Glide 2nd slide over the 1st again

Dry original slide on warner

View under 1000x Magnification

102
Q

Define Ubiquity

A

Something that is everywhere or very common all the time

103
Q

Why is it importantto use the lid of the petri dish as a shield when streaking a plate?

A

To ensure th culture is not contaminated by microbes in the air

104
Q

Can you expect to have a pure culture from a body site?

A

No, because the body has more bacterial cells than human cells and can harbor many different types of microbes

105
Q

What were thre two fungal species used in Lab

A

Aspergillus

Penicillium

106
Q

What are the two types of antimicrobial proteins?

A

Complement (Nonspecific)

Antibodies (Custom)- target Antigens

107
Q

General Purpose Media used in Lab

A

Tryptic Soy Agar

108
Q

What is Agar?

A

gelatinous substance obtained from various kinds of red seaweed and used in biological culture media and as a thickener in foods

109
Q

What is the nutritional mode of Fungi

A

Chemoheterotrophs

110
Q

Fungal Cell walls are made of

A

Chitin

111
Q

How do we differentiate between the Fungi?

A

Based on how the sporangia look

112
Q

How to inoculate a TSI Tube

A

Stab the agar to the bottom and streak the slant. Leave Cap Open for incubation

113
Q

Capsules in Bacteria

A

Large Glycocalyx made of repeating units of polysaccharides and proteins

114
Q

Capsue Stain procedures

A

Congo red @ one end of slide

Mix loopful of bacteria into congo red

spread mixture across w/ second slide

Dispose of 2nd slide

air Dry

Rinse w Acid alcohol

Counterstain w Carbolfuschin

Rinse w DI Water

115
Q

What differnt forms of media are used in Lab?

A

Broth, Semisolid, Solid, Plates

116
Q

Define Endospore

A

A Metabolically inert piece of DNA

117
Q

Why is it important to use older cultures when performing an endospore stain?

A

Older cultures tend to be more nutrient depleted, causing sporulation

118
Q
A
119
Q
A
120
Q
A
121
Q
A

Microbiology 2125 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions