Lab Final Exam! Flashcards
What do nucleic acids do?
Store, transmit, & help express hereditary information
What is the structural difference between DNA & RNA?
DNA is double-stranded & RNA is single-stranded
What is the correct pairing of nitrogenous bonds?
A=T; G=C
What makes up chromatin?
DNA & histone proteins
What is the most important function that RNA is responsible for?
Protein Synthesis
What is the enzyme that unwinds the DNA strands during DNA replication?
Helicase
Where is the only location that DNA Polymerase can add new nucleotides on to during replication?
3’ prime end with the OH group
What is the lagging strand initially made of during DNA replication?
Okazaki fragments
Who took photo 51, that showed that the DNA molecule was in fact a double helix?
Rosalind Franklin
Why do we use strawberries for our DNA extraction?
They have a lot of DNA in each nucleus
What specifically detaches the cell and nuclear membranes away from the DNA?
The hydrophobic tail of the detergent molecule
The hollow rod made of tubulin proteins that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells is called the:
Microtubule
What is the first stage of Interphase and what is happening?
G1 Phase: Increase cytoplasm, cell growth, make more organelles & proteins/enzymes
What is the second stage of Interphase and what is happening?
S Phase: DNA replication
What is the third stage of Interphase and what is happening?
G2 Phase: Increase cytoplasm, cell growth, make more organelles & proteins/enzymes
Label these four phases of mitosis.
Anaphase, Prophase, Telophase, Metaphase
Describe the difference between a diploid cell and a haploid cell.
Diploid has 2 sets of chromosomes, haploid only has one set of chromosomes
What happens during the “crossing over” event of meiosis?
Homologous chromosomes exchange genetic information
What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?
Mitosis results in 2 identical daughter cells; meiosis results in 4 genetically different cells with half the chromosome count for reproduction
Label the three parts of the cell where respiration occurs.
Cytosol, Inner Mitochondrial Membrane, Mitochondrial Matrix
Describe the difference between oxidation and reduction.
Oxidation- when a molecule loses electrons
Reduction- when a molecule gains electrons
What is lactic acid fermentation?
Anaerobic respiration; where pyruvate is converted to lactic acid when oxygen is scarce
Describe an example of lactic acid fermentation.
Working out to the point where muscles start cramping, running long distance
What is alcohol fermentation?
Anaerobic respiration; when pyruvate is converted to ethanol when oxygen is scarce
Describe an example of alcohol fermentation?
Yeast producing alcohol in the brewing process
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine Triphosphate
Describe the first stage of cellular respiration.
Glycolysis; occurs in the cytosol; glucouse is broken down into pyruvate; 2 ATP & 2 NADH are produced
Describe the second stage of cellular respiration.
Oxidation of pyruvate; occurs in the mitochondrial matrix; pyruvate is converted to Acetyl CoA; 2 NADH are produced
Describe the third stage of cellular respiration.
Kreb’s Cycle; occurs in the mitochondrial matrix; Acetyl CoA is converted to CO2; 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 & 2 ATP are produced
Describe the fourth stage of cellular respiration.
Electron Transport Chain & Chemiosmosis; occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane; oxygen is the final electron acceptor; approximately 34 ATP will be produced
In the cellular respiration lab videos we watched, what is being measured to observe cellular respiration?
The oxygen being consumed by germinating peas in the respirometer
Where does photosynthesis occur in a plant cell?
In the chloroplast
Photosynthesis is the conversion of ____ to ____
light energy; chemical energy
What are the reactants of the photosynthesis formula?
carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight
What is the first set of reactions of photosynthesis called?
Light-dependent
Where do the first reactions of photosynthesis take place?
Thylakoid membrane
What drives the first reaction of photosynthesis?
Electrons
What is the second stage of photosynthesis?
Light-independent
Where do the second reactions of photosynthesis take place?
Stroma of the chloroplast
What drives the second set of reactions?
Enzymes
What are the final products of the second set of reactions?
Useful carbon products including glucose
In the photosynthesis lab video, what makes the spinach leaf chads sink in the water beaker?
Extracting the leaves oxygen with reverse pressure using a syringe
In the photosynthesis lab video, what specific photosynthesis process makes the spinach leaf chads float to the surface again?
Water molecules are being split & oxygen is being released
What is the baking soda for?
The source for carbon dioxide
What is the final product of the first reactions of photosynthesis?
ATP & NADPH
