Lab Final Exam! Flashcards

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1
Q

What do nucleic acids do?

A

Store, transmit, & help express hereditary information

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2
Q

What is the structural difference between DNA & RNA?

A

DNA is double-stranded & RNA is single-stranded

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3
Q

What is the correct pairing of nitrogenous bonds?

A

A=T; G=C

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4
Q

What makes up chromatin?

A

DNA & histone proteins

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5
Q

What is the most important function that RNA is responsible for?

A

Protein Synthesis

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6
Q

What is the enzyme that unwinds the DNA strands during DNA replication?

A

Helicase

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7
Q

Where is the only location that DNA Polymerase can add new nucleotides on to during replication?

A

3’ prime end with the OH group

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8
Q

What is the lagging strand initially made of during DNA replication?

A

Okazaki fragments

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9
Q

Who took photo 51, that showed that the DNA molecule was in fact a double helix?

A

Rosalind Franklin

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10
Q

Why do we use strawberries for our DNA extraction?

A

They have a lot of DNA in each nucleus

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11
Q

What specifically detaches the cell and nuclear membranes away from the DNA?

A

The hydrophobic tail of the detergent molecule

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12
Q

The hollow rod made of tubulin proteins that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells is called the:

A

Microtubule

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13
Q

What is the first stage of Interphase and what is happening?

A

G1 Phase: Increase cytoplasm, cell growth, make more organelles & proteins/enzymes

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14
Q

What is the second stage of Interphase and what is happening?

A

S Phase: DNA replication

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15
Q

What is the third stage of Interphase and what is happening?

A

G2 Phase: Increase cytoplasm, cell growth, make more organelles & proteins/enzymes

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16
Q

Label these four phases of mitosis.

A

Anaphase, Prophase, Telophase, Metaphase

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17
Q

Describe the difference between a diploid cell and a haploid cell.

A

Diploid has 2 sets of chromosomes, haploid only has one set of chromosomes

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18
Q

What happens during the “crossing over” event of meiosis?

A

Homologous chromosomes exchange genetic information

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19
Q

What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

A

Mitosis results in 2 identical daughter cells; meiosis results in 4 genetically different cells with half the chromosome count for reproduction

20
Q

Label the three parts of the cell where respiration occurs.

A

Cytosol, Inner Mitochondrial Membrane, Mitochondrial Matrix

21
Q

Describe the difference between oxidation and reduction.

A

Oxidation- when a molecule loses electrons

Reduction- when a molecule gains electrons

22
Q

What is lactic acid fermentation?

A

Anaerobic respiration; where pyruvate is converted to lactic acid when oxygen is scarce

23
Q

Describe an example of lactic acid fermentation.

A

Working out to the point where muscles start cramping, running long distance

24
Q

What is alcohol fermentation?

A

Anaerobic respiration; when pyruvate is converted to ethanol when oxygen is scarce

25
Q

Describe an example of alcohol fermentation?

A

Yeast producing alcohol in the brewing process

26
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

27
Q

Describe the first stage of cellular respiration.

A

Glycolysis; occurs in the cytosol; glucouse is broken down into pyruvate; 2 ATP & 2 NADH are produced

28
Q

Describe the second stage of cellular respiration.

A

Oxidation of pyruvate; occurs in the mitochondrial matrix; pyruvate is converted to Acetyl CoA; 2 NADH are produced

29
Q

Describe the third stage of cellular respiration.

A

Kreb’s Cycle; occurs in the mitochondrial matrix; Acetyl CoA is converted to CO2; 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 & 2 ATP are produced

30
Q

Describe the fourth stage of cellular respiration.

A

Electron Transport Chain & Chemiosmosis; occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane; oxygen is the final electron acceptor; approximately 34 ATP will be produced

31
Q

In the cellular respiration lab videos we watched, what is being measured to observe cellular respiration?

A

The oxygen being consumed by germinating peas in the respirometer

32
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur in a plant cell?

A

In the chloroplast

33
Q

Photosynthesis is the conversion of ____ to ____

A

light energy; chemical energy

34
Q

What are the reactants of the photosynthesis formula?

A

carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight

35
Q

What is the first set of reactions of photosynthesis called?

A

Light-dependent

36
Q

Where do the first reactions of photosynthesis take place?

A

Thylakoid membrane

37
Q

What drives the first reaction of photosynthesis?

A

Electrons

38
Q

What is the second stage of photosynthesis?

A

Light-independent

39
Q

Where do the second reactions of photosynthesis take place?

A

Stroma of the chloroplast

40
Q

What drives the second set of reactions?

A

Enzymes

41
Q

What are the final products of the second set of reactions?

A

Useful carbon products including glucose

42
Q

In the photosynthesis lab video, what makes the spinach leaf chads sink in the water beaker?

A

Extracting the leaves oxygen with reverse pressure using a syringe

43
Q

In the photosynthesis lab video, what specific photosynthesis process makes the spinach leaf chads float to the surface again?

A

Water molecules are being split & oxygen is being released

44
Q

What is the baking soda for?

A

The source for carbon dioxide

45
Q

What is the final product of the first reactions of photosynthesis?

A

ATP & NADPH