Lab Final Flashcards
1
Q
This class of animals has complete tracheal rings
A
Birds
2
Q
“Tripe drip” in an injectable anesthetic mixture commonly used in this species
A
Horses
3
Q
Bradycardia is the primary indication for administering this class of drugs
A
Anticholinergics
4
Q
The filling pressure and volume of an O2 E cylinder
A
2200psi & 660L
5
Q
This class of sedatives produces vasoconstriction, reflex bradycardia, and decreased CO
A
A2 agonists
6
Q
This operator error will result in excessive breathing system pressure and patient death
A
Closed pop-off/APL valve
7
Q
The primary side effects of this sedative are vasodilation and hypotension
A
Acepromazine (Phenothiazide)
8
Q
The concentration of anesthetic preventing movement in 50% of patients exposed to a noxious stimuli
A
MAC (Minimum Alveolar Concentration)
9
Q
Induction agent contraindicated in cats with cardiac or renal disease
A
Ketamine
10
Q
Species especially prone to tracheal tears due to improper cuff inflation or breathing tube traction
A
Cats
11
Q
Species most likely to develop malignant hyperthermia
A
Pigs
12
Q
Common induction agent that should be used in very low doses or not at all on “shocky” patients
A
Propofol
13
Q
The PaO2 corresponding to an SpO2 of 90%
A
60mmHg
14
Q
The PaO2 corresponding to an SpO2 of 100%
A
550mmHg
15
Q
The PaO2 corresponding to an SpO2 of 98%
A
110mmHg
16
Q
Histamine release may occur with IV administration of this opioid
A
Morphine
17
Q
Inhalants administered at >1MAC should be avoided with this condition
A
Increased ICP
18
Q
Group on animals that should be extubated with the ETT cuff inflated
A
Ruminants
19
Q
Serum sodium levels are a special concern when anesthetizing patients with this disease
A
Diabetes insipidus
20
Q
You should check a coagulation profile before surgery in patients with dysfunction of this organ
A
Liver
21
Q
The primary indication for this alpha and beta agonist is CPR
A
Epinephrine
22
Q
This drug is an Class IB antiarrhythmic agent used commonly to treat ventricular arrhythmias
A
Lidocaine
23
Q
This ECG diagnosis indicates a complete absence of electrical activity
A
Asystole
24
Q
These 2 ECG rhythms are treatable with defibrillation (“shockable”)
A
Ventricular fibrillation & pulseless ventricular tachycardia
25
This class of sedatives may cause hyperglycemia and should be avoided in patients w/DM
A2 agonists
26
Technique to treat respiratory acidosis in an anesthetized patient
IPPV
27
Parts of an anesthesia machine under high pressure (100-2200psi)
Cylinder, regulator, cylinder pressure gauge
28
The cylinder color indicating oxygen
Green
29
The cylinder color indicating nitrogen (NO)
Blue
30
The cylinder color indicating medical air
Yellow
31
Gas enters the flow meter at ___psi and exists at ___psi
50, 15
32
The % O2 that is in air as well as the legal drinking age in the USA
21
33
Minimum acceptable FiO2
0.3-0.35 / 30-35%
34
Modern vaporizers are ___ , also known as ____
Out-Of-Circuit, Precision vaporizers
35
T/F: The remaining amount of nitrogen in a cylinder can be calculated using the gauge
False (Gauge only reads the gas pressure, not the liquid nitrogen. Must use weight.)
36
The gas-specific threaded connections
Diameter index system
37
The gas-specific pin patterns only allowing appropriate yolk-cylinder connections
Pin index system
38
T/F: Flow meters are gas-specific
True
39
This breathing system has one way gas-flow, includes a CO2 absorber and requires less fresh gas flow than the alternative.
Re-breathing system
40
The calculation used for bag sizes for small animals
15mL/kg x 6
| BWx90
41
The calculation for O2 flow rate in animals <50kg and >50kg for maintenance
<50kg 20-50 mL/kg/min
| >50kg: 10-20mL/kg/min
42
The calculation for O2 flow rate in animals <50kg and >50kg for induction and recovery
<50kg 50-100 mL/kg/min
| >50kg 20-50 mL/kg/min
43
Most common side effects of propofol
Apnea & hypotension
44
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If you could choose one anesthetic monitor, which is most valuable?
PulsOx
EtCO2
Doppler
ECG
```
Doppler
45
What pressure does Doppler measure?
Systolic
46
Under what body weight is using a non-rebreather appropriate?
3kg
47
Which ECG lead is used in large animals?
Lead I
48
What drugs can be used to treat hypotension and bradycardia in small animals?
Anticholinergics- Glycopyrrolate or Atropine
49
What does expired soda lime cause?
Hypercapnia
50
Which measurements does the Pulse Ox give?
Heart rate & %Hb saturation with O2
51
What parameter is most important to monitor when using acepromazine? Why?
Blood pressure. Because it causes massive vasodilation.
52
What noise does the species make for which you use the dorsal pedal artery for blood gas analysis?
Bark
| Woof
53
In which species do you use the median artery for blood gas analysis?
Sheep
54
In which species do you use the facial or transverse facial artery for blood gas analysis?
Horse
55
What is the normal range for pH in small animal blood gas analysis?
7.35-7.45
56
What is the normal range for PCO2 in small animal blood gas analysis? What about cats?
35-45mmHg (Cats 30 +/- 2)
57
What is the normal range for BE in small animal blood gas analysis?
0 +/- 4 mEq/L
58
What is the normal range for HCO3- in small animal blood gas analysis? What about cats? Herbivores?
24+/-4 mEq/L.
Cats 22+/- 2
Herbs 30+/-5
59
What is the ideal normal range for lactate in small animal blood gas analysis? Up to what level is permissible?
1-2 mmol/L, up to 5
60
What are the 5 causes of hypoxemia?
1. Low FiO2
2. Hypoventillation
3. Diffusion impairement
4. V/Q mismatch
5. R-L shunt
61
What type of fluid and how much over what time period do you give if the patient's blood pressure is dropping while under anesthesia?
Crystalloids
10mg/kg
Over 15 min
62
What do you do if your patient's heart rate is climbing due to blood loss under anesthesia?
Bolus fluids
63
What do you do if your patient's heart rate is climbing due to VPCs under anesthesia?
Give lidocaine
64
What pressure do you fill the reservoir bag to when performing a leak check?
30 cmH20
65
What will the EtCO2 reading be if the ETT is in the esophagus/stomach?
0
66
T/F When placing the doppler probe, is should be proximal to the cuff.
False, distal to cuff
67
T/F ECG gel can be used on a doppler probe to improve contact.
False. Can use US gel or alcohol, but nothing with electrolytes.
68
T/F The doppler cuff should measure 40% of the circumference of the limb.
True
69
T/F Circle and Universal F are examples of non-rebreathing systems.
False. These are re-breathing systems. Mapleson A-F and Bain are non-rebreathing.
70
What is the O2 flow rate for a non-rebreathing system?
2-3x tidal volume (approx 300mL/kg/min)
71
Which breathing system has less dead space?
Non-rebreathing
72
Which breathing system has fewer potential for leaks?
Non-rebreathing
73
Which breathing system allows for faster change in anesthetic concentration?
Non-rebreathing
74
Which type of cuffed ETT is preferred, High V-Low P or Low V-High P?
High V-Low P
75
Which type of ETT has an eye and is availiable both cuffed and uncuffed?
Murphy
76
Which ETT is used in birds and has a shoulder?
Cole
77
Which ETT is most ridged?
Armored
78
How many mL of leakage is acceptable when leak-checking a system?
300
79
What level of anesthetic exposure should not be exceeded in personnel?
2 ppm
80
Which type of scavenging system is most common?
Active
81
When should an F air Canister be discarded?
When it has gained 50g.
| Same as fashion model.
82
What gas does an F air Canister NOT filter?
Nitrogen
83
What is the main indication for providing mechanical ventilation?
Decreased PaCO2 if intubated, hypoxemia if receiving <100% O2.
84
What are the main side effects of mechanical ventilation?
Hypotension & hypercapnea
85
What has the largest impact on oxygenation?
FiO2
86
Ventilation is to ___ as oxygenation is to ___
PaCO2
| PaO2
87
Resistance limits ____, Compliance limits ____
Flow
| Volume
88
Which is the most common driving power for mechanical ventilation, electric or pneumatic?
Pneumatic
89
Which is a more sensitive trigger variable for mechanical ventilation, flow or pressure?
Pressure
90
Which organs/systems are responsible for maintaining acid-base homeostasis?
Lungs/respiratory, liver/hepatic, kidneys/renal and GIT
91
What are the chemical acid-base buffers intracellularly and extracellularly? Which acts faster?
In: Phosphorous and protein
Ex: HCO3-
HCO3- is faster, acts in seconds
92
Which of Guedel's stage & plane of anesthesia is adequate for most surgeries?
Stage III, Plane 2
93
Moving from central to peripheral, systolic becomes ___, diastolic ___, mean remains similar
Higher
| Lower
94
Which blood pressure reflects myocardial perfusion?
Diastolic
95
Which blood pressure reflects tissue perfusion?
Mean
96
Which blood pressure reflects afterload?
Systolic
97
What is the gold standard for measuring blood pressure?
Invasive direct, via arterial catheter
98
What are the non-invasive methods of obtaining blood pressure?
Doppler & Oscillometry
99
T/F ECG gel, saline or alcohol can be used for ECG contact
False, no alcohol
100
What type of block is present when the PR interval is prolonged but constant?
1st degree
101
What type of block is present when the PR interval gets progressively longer before a dropped beat?
2nd degree, Wenkebach
102
What type of block is present when some P waves do not get through?
2nd degree, Mobitz II
103
In what dog breeds should one avoid thiobarbituates?
Sighthounds
104
What is the blood volume in a dog?
90mL/kg
105
Why should A-2 agonist be avoided in aggressive dogs?
It can cause arousal (not the sexual kind, that would be awkward but probably less dangerous)
106
T/F: Ketamine has a wide safety margin
True
107
Why should A-2 agonists be avoided in ruminants?
Cause pulmonary damage which can cause hemorrhage and edema leading to hypoxemia
108
What is the normal range for heart rate in small ruminants?
90-130 bpm
109
Which drug class does flumazenil antagonize?
Benzos
110
What is the reversal agent used for A-2 agonists?
Atipamazole
111
T/F: When using opioids, a higher MAC is needed because opioids are MAC sparing.
False, lower MAC
112
What receptor does ketamine antagonize?
NMDA
113
What induction drug class causes necrosis if it is administered extravascularly?
Barbituates
114
What induction drug causes transient adrenal suppression?
Etomidate
115
What induction drugs are GABA agonists?
Propofol, alfaxalone, etomidate
116
Which anticholinergic crosses the BBB?
Atropine
117
What is the drug of choice to treat feline hypotension?
Dopamine
118
What B agonist is commonly used in horses to improve inotropy?
Dobutamine
119
What CV drug causes splenic contraction?
Phenylephrine
120
Which CV drug does not act on adrenergic receptors?
Vasopressin (ADH)
121
Which 2 CV drugs are indicated for refractory shock and non-responsive hypotension?
Norepinephrine & Vasopressin
122
How much of crystalloid IVF is still found intravascularly after 30 min?
1/3
123
What fluid type can be given quickly in large volumes?
Crystalloids
124
What IVF is used for immediate plasma volume expansion and ICFV reduction?
7.5% NaCl (hypertonic crystalloid)
125
What IVF is indicated when cerebral edema is present?
7.5% NaCl (hypertonic crystalloid)
126
What IVF is indicated to treat hypoalbuminemia?
Colloids
