Lab Final Flashcards
Li-Fraumeni Syndrome
- a type of cancer that is inheritable
- include a sarcoma patient and at least two immediate relatives with other cancers before the age of 45, as well as multiple cancers in other family members
Cancer seems to be linked to
the inheritance of mutated suppressor genes, such as p53
Germline mutations
- mutations that are directly inherited
- a single somatic mutation within the suppressor gene will result in the inactivation of both alleles
Somatic mutations
- do not have direct genetic links
- are acquired during the life of the individual
“Two-hit” hypothesis
- normal inherited suppressor genes
- free of mutations
- require two sequential somatic mutations to imitate tumors
p53
- located on short arm of chromosome 17
- encodes a 53,000 molecular nuclear phosphoprotein
- 3 domains
(1) the amino terminus region which contains the transcriptional activation region
(2) central region within the protein where the majority of critical “hot spot” mutations are located
(3) the carboxyl section that is the most complex section that contains the oligomerization and nuclear localization sequences
“Hot Spots”
- sites where mutations are detected in high frequencies
- between eons 5 through 8 where 95% of the mutations occur
- create sites of restriction where the DNA will cut
DNA
- is negatively charged
- will migrate to the positive plate
Tumor Suppressors
- a type of protein that is able to suppress and limit the amount of cell growth
- suppress tumor formation
- promote apoptosis
Oncogenes
- cancer-causing genes
- promote the growth of cells
- formation of tumors
- inhibit apoptosis
Control Lane
used as a standard to compare unknown data with the known standards
Normal p53
expect 1 band on gel electrophoresis
Mutated p53
- see pieces/fragments (at least 2 bands
- one will be normal healthy band
- one will be pieces of mutants
Cocci
cell shape is small spheres
Bacilli
rod shaped cells
Spirilla / Spirochaetes
helix-shaped cells
Colonies
cells will aggregate to form colonies
Gram’s Stain
using crystal violet
it binds irreversibly to cell wall components of only some bacteria
Gram Positive
- bacteria that retain the stain when washed with alcohol
- rich in peptidoglycan
- i.e. staphylococcus pneumonia
Gram Negative
bacteria that are decolorized by the alcohol wash
- have two membranes, an outer envelope and plasma membrane
- i.e. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
“Plated”
when the mixed dilution is placed on the agar plate
Serial Dilution
diluting the sample to hopefully obtain less bacteria on a slide
Standard Plate Count
want to have 3-300 colonies on a plate
number of bacteria in original sample is obtained by multiplying the number of colonies by the dilution/plating factor
Akinetes
elongated cells on anabaena
Heterocysts
spherical cells on anabaena
4 types of cyanobacteria
1) Anabaena (Chain shape)
2) Gloeocapsa (Colony shape, random)
3) Oscillatoria (Filament shape)
4) Merismopedia (colony shape)
Ubiquitous
found everywhere
such as bacteria
Bacteria
- prokaryotes (≥5000 species)
- binary fission
- decomposers, symbionts, pathogens
- Pathogens => plague, TB, cholera
Key features of Fungi
Hyphae
multicellular haploid structure
Absorb nutrients
Key features of Fungi
Hyphae
multicellular haploid structure
Absorb nutrients
Armillaria ostoyae
largest living thing in America
found in Oregon
Hyphae
hollow tube structures that increase the surface area of organisms
Hyphae
- hollow tube structures that increase the surface area of organisms
- individual filaments that are composed of cells joined one to end so that they are only one cell in diameter
Mycelium
mass of intertwined filaments that make up the body
Chitin
a polymer found in the cell walls
Septa
cross walls that divide the hyphae
- perforated to allow cytoplasm to flow from one cell compartment to the next
Coenocytic
aseptate
lack septae
- many nuclei are found in a a single large cytoplasm
Spores
can be asexual or sexual
haploid cells encased by a though cell wall
Plasmogamy
occurs when the cytoplasms from the terminal cells of hyphae from two parents fuse
Mating Types
+ and -
Heterokaryon
this forms when the cytoplasms of two mating types unite
- a single cytoplasms containing haploid nuclei from two different parents
Dikaryon
when there are two nuclei per cell
Karyogamy
when a haploid nuclei in a dikaryon will fuse to produce a single diploid nucleus
zygote
diploid cell is called this
only diploid cell in the life cycle
Phylum Chytridiomycota
aquatic organisms
Phylum Zygomycota
live in soil or decaying plane and animal matter
can be parasites
-aseptate cells
Zoospores
- found in the Phylum Chytridiomycota
- are flagellated reproductive cells
- are produced during intracellular mitosis in the sporangium with cytokinesis
- are produced by intranuclear meiosis
Gametangia
structures specialized to produce haploid male and female gametes
- both are flagellated and motile
eggs are larger
Zygosporangium
Phylum Zygomycota
Sexual spores
Sporangiophores
Phylum Zygomycota
Asexual spores
Ascus
sac-like sexual reproductive structures that produce haploid spores
Phylum Ascomycota
Conidiophore
specialized sporangia that produce asexual spores (conidia) by mitosis
Conidia
Phylum Ascomycota
asexual reproductive spores
Ascocarps
fruiting bodies of Phylum Ascomycota
sexual phase
Basidia
Phylum Basidiomycota
sexual spores
will produce four haploid spores
Basidiocarps
fruiting bodies for Phylum Basidiomycota
Crustose
lichens grow as a crust on surfaces
Foliose
lichens are more or less leafy in appearance
Fruticose
lichens are shrublike with branching and intertwined fibrous parts
Mycorrhizae
a symbiotic relationship between fungi with roots
Phylum Basidiomycota
Club fungi form parasitic relationships with plants septate dikaryotic cells for most sexual spores produced in the basidium
Lichen
composed of alga (or cyanobacterium) and a fungus
- do not reproduce sexually
- fragmentation of the lichen asexually propagates the association
monokaryotic
only one nucleus per cell
Allomyces
Phylum Chytridiomycota
Asexual sporangium
Sexual gametangia
Rhizopus
Phylum Zygomycota
Asexual sporangiophores
Sexual zygosporangium
