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General Biology I Final > Lab Final > Flashcards

Lab Final Flashcards

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1
Q

Li-Fraumeni Syndrome

A
  • a type of cancer that is inheritable
  • include a sarcoma patient and at least two immediate relatives with other cancers before the age of 45, as well as multiple cancers in other family members
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2
Q

Cancer seems to be linked to

A

the inheritance of mutated suppressor genes, such as p53

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3
Q

Germline mutations

A
  • mutations that are directly inherited

- a single somatic mutation within the suppressor gene will result in the inactivation of both alleles

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4
Q

Somatic mutations

A
  • do not have direct genetic links

- are acquired during the life of the individual

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5
Q

“Two-hit” hypothesis

A
  • normal inherited suppressor genes
  • free of mutations
  • require two sequential somatic mutations to imitate tumors
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6
Q

p53

A
  • located on short arm of chromosome 17
  • encodes a 53,000 molecular nuclear phosphoprotein
  • 3 domains
    (1) the amino terminus region which contains the transcriptional activation region
    (2) central region within the protein where the majority of critical “hot spot” mutations are located
    (3) the carboxyl section that is the most complex section that contains the oligomerization and nuclear localization sequences
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7
Q

“Hot Spots”

A
  • sites where mutations are detected in high frequencies
  • between eons 5 through 8 where 95% of the mutations occur
  • create sites of restriction where the DNA will cut
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8
Q

DNA

A
  • is negatively charged

- will migrate to the positive plate

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9
Q

Tumor Suppressors

A
  • a type of protein that is able to suppress and limit the amount of cell growth
  • suppress tumor formation
  • promote apoptosis
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10
Q

Oncogenes

A
  • cancer-causing genes
  • promote the growth of cells
  • formation of tumors
  • inhibit apoptosis
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11
Q

Control Lane

A

used as a standard to compare unknown data with the known standards

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12
Q

Normal p53

A

expect 1 band on gel electrophoresis

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13
Q

Mutated p53

A
  • see pieces/fragments (at least 2 bands
  • one will be normal healthy band
  • one will be pieces of mutants
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14
Q

Cocci

A

cell shape is small spheres

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15
Q

Bacilli

A

rod shaped cells

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16
Q

Spirilla / Spirochaetes

A

helix-shaped cells

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17
Q

Colonies

A

cells will aggregate to form colonies

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18
Q

Gram’s Stain

A

using crystal violet

it binds irreversibly to cell wall components of only some bacteria

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19
Q

Gram Positive

A
  • bacteria that retain the stain when washed with alcohol
  • rich in peptidoglycan
  • i.e. staphylococcus pneumonia
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20
Q

Gram Negative

A

bacteria that are decolorized by the alcohol wash

  • have two membranes, an outer envelope and plasma membrane
  • i.e. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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21
Q

“Plated”

A

when the mixed dilution is placed on the agar plate

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22
Q

Serial Dilution

A

diluting the sample to hopefully obtain less bacteria on a slide

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23
Q

Standard Plate Count

A

want to have 3-300 colonies on a plate

number of bacteria in original sample is obtained by multiplying the number of colonies by the dilution/plating factor

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24
Q

Akinetes

A

elongated cells on anabaena

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25
Q

Heterocysts

A

spherical cells on anabaena

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26
Q

4 types of cyanobacteria

A

1) Anabaena (Chain shape)
2) Gloeocapsa (Colony shape, random)
3) Oscillatoria (Filament shape)
4) Merismopedia (colony shape)

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27
Q

Ubiquitous

A

found everywhere

such as bacteria

28
Q

Bacteria

A
  • prokaryotes (≥5000 species)
  • binary fission
  • decomposers, symbionts, pathogens
  • Pathogens => plague, TB, cholera
29
Q

Key features of Fungi

A

Hyphae
multicellular haploid structure
Absorb nutrients

30
Q

Key features of Fungi

A

Hyphae
multicellular haploid structure
Absorb nutrients

31
Q

Armillaria ostoyae

A

largest living thing in America

found in Oregon

32
Q

Hyphae

A

hollow tube structures that increase the surface area of organisms

33
Q

Hyphae

A
  • hollow tube structures that increase the surface area of organisms
  • individual filaments that are composed of cells joined one to end so that they are only one cell in diameter
34
Q

Mycelium

A

mass of intertwined filaments that make up the body

35
Q

Chitin

A

a polymer found in the cell walls

36
Q

Septa

A

cross walls that divide the hyphae

- perforated to allow cytoplasm to flow from one cell compartment to the next

37
Q

Coenocytic

A

aseptate
lack septae
- many nuclei are found in a a single large cytoplasm

38
Q

Spores

A

can be asexual or sexual

haploid cells encased by a though cell wall

39
Q

Plasmogamy

A

occurs when the cytoplasms from the terminal cells of hyphae from two parents fuse

40
Q

Mating Types

A

+ and -

41
Q

Heterokaryon

A

this forms when the cytoplasms of two mating types unite

- a single cytoplasms containing haploid nuclei from two different parents

42
Q

Dikaryon

A

when there are two nuclei per cell

43
Q

Karyogamy

A

when a haploid nuclei in a dikaryon will fuse to produce a single diploid nucleus

44
Q

zygote

A

diploid cell is called this

only diploid cell in the life cycle

45
Q

Phylum Chytridiomycota

A

aquatic organisms

46
Q

Phylum Zygomycota

A

live in soil or decaying plane and animal matter
can be parasites
-aseptate cells

47
Q

Zoospores

A
  • found in the Phylum Chytridiomycota
  • are flagellated reproductive cells
  • are produced during intracellular mitosis in the sporangium with cytokinesis
  • are produced by intranuclear meiosis
48
Q

Gametangia

A

structures specialized to produce haploid male and female gametes
- both are flagellated and motile
eggs are larger

49
Q

Zygosporangium

A

Phylum Zygomycota

Sexual spores

50
Q

Sporangiophores

A

Phylum Zygomycota

Asexual spores

51
Q

Ascus

A

sac-like sexual reproductive structures that produce haploid spores
Phylum Ascomycota

52
Q

Conidiophore

A

specialized sporangia that produce asexual spores (conidia) by mitosis

53
Q

Conidia

A

Phylum Ascomycota

asexual reproductive spores

54
Q

Ascocarps

A

fruiting bodies of Phylum Ascomycota

sexual phase

55
Q

Basidia

A

Phylum Basidiomycota
sexual spores
will produce four haploid spores

56
Q

Basidiocarps

A

fruiting bodies for Phylum Basidiomycota

57
Q

Crustose

A

lichens grow as a crust on surfaces

58
Q

Foliose

A

lichens are more or less leafy in appearance

59
Q

Fruticose

A

lichens are shrublike with branching and intertwined fibrous parts

60
Q

Mycorrhizae

A

a symbiotic relationship between fungi with roots

61
Q

Phylum Basidiomycota

A 
Club fungi
form parasitic relationships with plants
septate
dikaryotic cells for most
sexual spores produced in the basidium
62
Q

Lichen

A

composed of alga (or cyanobacterium) and a fungus

  • do not reproduce sexually
  • fragmentation of the lichen asexually propagates the association
63
Q

monokaryotic

A

only one nucleus per cell

64
Q

Allomyces

A

Phylum Chytridiomycota
Asexual sporangium
Sexual gametangia

65
Q

Rhizopus

A

Phylum Zygomycota
Asexual sporangiophores
Sexual zygosporangium

General Biology I Final (7 decks)

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