Chapter 26

Question 1

Phylogenies

Answer 1

the history of a species or group of related species

Question 2

Fossil Record

Answer 2

provides information about ancient organisms
- is based on the sequence in which fossils have accumulated in strata and may reveal ancestral characteristics that have been lost over time

Question 3

Phylogenies use

Answer 3

Systematics as an analytical approach to understanding the diversity and relationships of organisms, both present-day and extinct

Question 4

Systematics use

Answer 4

Morphological (shape), functional, biochemical, and molecular comparisons to infer biological relationships or similarities

Question 5

Sedimentary Rocks

Answer 5

the richest source of fossils and are deposited into layers called Strata

Question 6

Paleontologists

Answer 6

study a wide variety of fossils

Question 7

Radiometric dating of the …

Answer 7

Siloam Tunnel, Jerusalem

_reign of King Hezekiah

Question 8

Modern scientific methods may be used to

Answer 8

independently date structure that are mentioned in the Biblical text, to evaluate its historical authenticity

Question 9

No well-identified Biblical structure has been radiometrically dated until now

Answer 9

they report sedimentary, radiocarbon, and U-Th dating of the Siloam Tunnel providing its Iron Age II date

Question 10

Siloam Tunnel

Answer 10

was used to deliver water to the city under the protective walls

Question 11

Conclusion of the Siloam Tunnel

Answer 11

• the Biblical text presents an accurate historical record of the Siloam Tunnel’s construction
• the dating also REFUTES a claim that the tunnel was constructed in the 2nd century b.c.
• John 9

Question 12

Phylogenetic History

Answer 12

can be inferred from certain morphological and molecular similarities

Question 13

Organisms that share very similar morphologies or similar DNA sequences are…

Answer 13

likely to be more closely related than organisms with vastly different structures or sequences

Question 14

Analogous

Answer 14

similar

Question 15

Homoplasies

Answer 15

analogous body structures or molecular sequences between two organisms

Question 16

Homology

Answer 16

the amount of similar morphological, DNA, RNA or amino acid sequences between organisms

Question 17

Molecular systematists

Answer 17

• analyze DNA segments from different organisms
• the more nucleotide similarity, the closer related two organisms may be

-i.e. 22 nucleotides compared, 5 similarities (homologous nucleotides)

Question 18

Taxonomy

Answer 18

the ordered division of organisms into categories based on a set of characteristics that assess their similarities and differences

Question 19

Binomial nomenclature

Answer 19

the two-part formate of the scientific name of an organism developed by Carolus Linnaeus (1748)

Question 20

Carolus Linnaeus

Answer 20

1748

• developed the binomial nomenclature
• introduced a hierarchical system for grouping species in increasingly broad categories

Question 21

Binomial name of an organism or scientific epithet is …

Answer 21

latinized and is genus and species

-i.e. Homo sapiens (humans)

Question 22

Hierarchical System order

Answer 22

(more specific)
- Species
- Genus
- Family
- Order
- Class
- Phylum
- Kingdom
- Domain
(less specific)

Question 23

Systematics depict organism relationships by using

Answer 23

branding phylogenetic trees where each branch point represents the divergence of two species

Question 24

“Deeper” branch points

Answer 24

represent progressively greater amounts of divergence

Question 25

Phylogenetic systematics

Answer 25

informs the construction of phylogenetic trees based on shared characteristics

Question 26

Cladogram

Answer 26

depiction of patterns of shared characteristics among taxa

Question 27

Clade within a cladogram

Answer 27

is defined as a group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants

Question 28

Clades

Answer 28

can be nested within larger clades, but not all groupings or organisms qualify as clades

Question 29

Cladistics

Answer 29

the study of resemblances among clades

Question 30

3 types of clades

Answer 30

1) Monophyletic
2) Paraphyletic
3) Polyphyletic grouping

Question 31

Monophyletic

Answer 31

a valid clade

consists of the ancestor species and all its descendants

Question 32

Paraphyletic

Answer 32

grouping that consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of the descendants

Question 33

Polyphyletic grouping

Answer 33

includes numerous types of organisms that lack a common ancestor

Question 34

Cladistic analysis

Answer 34

clades are defined by their specific novelties or uniqueness

Question 35

Shared Primitive Character

Answer 35

• a homologous structure that predates the branching of a particular clade from other members of that clade
• is shared BEYOND the Taxon we are trying to define

Question 36

the branching pattern of a phylogenetic tree is

Answer 36

relative rather than absolute in terms of representing the timing of divergences

Question 37

Phylogram

Answer 37

the length of a branch in a cladogram reflects the relative number of changes in that lineage

Question 38

3 great clades called domains

Answer 38

1) Bacteria
2) Archaea
3) Eukarya

(the early history of these domains is not yet clear)

Question 39

Maximum Parsimony and

Maximum Likelihood

Answer 39

systematists can never be sure of the single best tree but can only narrow the possibilities by applying these principles

Question 40

Maximum Parsimony Tree

Answer 40

a phylogenetic hypothesis that requires the fewest organism changes to have occurred to form shared character(s)

Question 41

Principle of Maximum Likelihood

Answer 41

a tree can be found that reflects the most likely sequence of historical events

Question 42

The best hypotheses for phylogenetic trees are those that fit the most data:

Answer 42

• Morphological
• Molecular
• Fossil

(sometimes there is compelling evidence that the best hypothesis is not the most parsimonious)