Lab Final Flashcards
1.Begins with the administration of the anesthesia and lasts until
consciousness is lost.
2.During this stage although the patient is conscious, they are
feeling little to no pain.
Analgesia- stage 1
- During this stage a patient, even though unconscious, may
thrash, experience increased muscle tone, rapid breathing and/or
involuntary eye movements
Excitement or Delerium- stage 2
- During this stage the patient is breathing normally, muscle tone
is relaxed and there is no pain. - It is important to check the pedal and corneal reflexes to insure
that the patient is in stage 3, which is the proper stage to perform
surgery
Surgical Anesthesia- stage 3
inhalable anesthetics
1. These anesthetics have rapid action, few side affects and are
easy to administer (e.g. nitrous oxide, ethylene).
Potent and flammable
Gaseous
inhalable anesthetic that is liquid at room temperature but
easily evaporates into a gaseous state.
1.These anesthetics are lipid soluble and pass into the blood and
cells easily.
2. Because of this they are easily tied up in fat cells and have a
slow induction time, but it is easily administrated.
Ex: Ether, Halothane
Volatile
- These types of anesthetics are incredibly useful, and rapid
acting, but once they are injected you can’t remove the anesthesia,
therefore the dosage level has to be carefully computed (e.g.
barbituates, ketamine, and carbamate—we use the carbamate
Urethane which is hepatotoxic and carcinogenic, so you need to
wear gloves!)
Injectable
Amount of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute
cardiac output
HR x TPR
Blood Viscosity
Radius of blood vessels
-how difficult it is for blood to travel through the blood vessels
total peripheral resistance
the outward force of blood against artery walls as it is pushed through the body.
blood pressure
CO x TPR
Amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in 1 heart beat
stroke volume
Long term control
Via the kidney, adrenal cortex, and right atrium
Hormonal
Short term control
Via Sympathetic & Parasympathetic Pathways
Neural
located in the arch of the aorta and at the birfurcation of the common carotids in respond to stretching of the blood vesslels
baroreceptor
when bp is low a build of waste occurs this stimulates the VMC
chemoreceptors
contracting of the ventricles
systole
relaxing of ventricles
diastole
The interruption of smooth flow due to the brief backflow of blood that closes the aortic semilunar valve when the ventricles relax
Dicrotic Notch
cardiac cells are capable of initiating and propagating their own action potentials
myogenic-frog heart
pacemaker of the heart
sinus venosus
the more the muscle is stretches, the more forceful the subsequent contraction will be
Starlings Law
amnt of blood into right atrium from the inferior and superior vena cava
venous return
in VRG spontaneously firing neurons
pre-botszinger complex
cyclinc on/off excitation repeats constantly
-produces a rate of 12-15 breats/ min
Eupena
smooth out the transition from inspiratory to expiratory set by the basic rhythm of the VRG
-modify the activity of the medullary neurons
Pontine Respiratory centers
transmit impulses to the VRG/DRG
-fine tunes the breathing depth and rhythms during sleep and vocalization excercise
Pontine Respiratory centers
amplifies inspriration
quick expiration
apneustic center
located in the medulla oblongata
-respond to increase in H+ derives from CO2
central chemoreceptors
respond to an increase in Co2
-located in the aortic bodies
peripheral chemoreceptors
if blood levels of CO2 or H rise, these receptors send afferent messages to DRG signaling an inrease in respiration to blow of excess CO2
peripeheral chemoreceptors
reflex in new born infants when lungs are inflated to a greater-than-normal volume
hering breuer response
the measurement of the density of a fluid relative to pure water
specific gravity
