Lab Final

Question 1

1.Begins with the administration of the anesthesia and lasts until
consciousness is lost.
2.During this stage although the patient is conscious, they are
feeling little to no pain.

Answer 1

Analgesia- stage 1

Question 2

1. During this stage a patient, even though unconscious, may
   thrash, experience increased muscle tone, rapid breathing and/or
   involuntary eye movements

Answer 2

Excitement or Delerium- stage 2

Question 3

1. During this stage the patient is breathing normally, muscle tone
   is relaxed and there is no pain.
2. It is important to check the pedal and corneal reflexes to insure
   that the patient is in stage 3, which is the proper stage to perform
   surgery

Answer 3

Surgical Anesthesia- stage 3

Question 4

inhalable anesthetics
1. These anesthetics have rapid action, few side affects and are
easy to administer (e.g. nitrous oxide, ethylene).
Potent and flammable

Answer 4

Gaseous

Question 5

inhalable anesthetic that is liquid at room temperature but
easily evaporates into a gaseous state.
1.These anesthetics are lipid soluble and pass into the blood and
cells easily.
2. Because of this they are easily tied up in fat cells and have a
slow induction time, but it is easily administrated.
Ex: Ether, Halothane

Answer 5

Volatile

Question 6

1. These types of anesthetics are incredibly useful, and rapid
   acting, but once they are injected you can’t remove the anesthesia,
   therefore the dosage level has to be carefully computed (e.g.
   barbituates, ketamine, and carbamate—we use the carbamate
   Urethane which is hepatotoxic and carcinogenic, so you need to
   wear gloves!)

Answer 6

Injectable

Question 7

Amount of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute

Answer 7

cardiac output

HR x TPR

Question 8

Blood Viscosity
Radius of blood vessels
-how difficult it is for blood to travel through the blood vessels

Answer 8

total peripheral resistance

Question 9

the outward force of blood against artery walls as it is pushed through the body.

Answer 9

blood pressure

CO x TPR

Question 10

Amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in 1 heart beat

Answer 10

stroke volume

Question 11

Long term control

Via the kidney, adrenal cortex, and right atrium

Answer 11

Hormonal

Question 12

Short term control

Via Sympathetic & Parasympathetic Pathways

Answer 12

Neural

Question 13

located in the arch of the aorta and at the birfurcation of the common carotids in respond to stretching of the blood vesslels

Answer 13

baroreceptor

Question 14

when bp is low a build of waste occurs this stimulates the VMC

Answer 14

chemoreceptors

Question 15

contracting of the ventricles

Answer 15

systole

Question 16

relaxing of ventricles

Answer 16

diastole

Question 17

The interruption of smooth flow due to the brief backflow of blood that closes the aortic semilunar valve when the ventricles relax

Answer 17

Dicrotic Notch

Question 18

cardiac cells are capable of initiating and propagating their own action potentials

Answer 18

myogenic-frog heart

Question 19

pacemaker of the heart

Answer 19

sinus venosus

Question 20

the more the muscle is stretches, the more forceful the subsequent contraction will be

Answer 20

Starlings Law

Question 21

amnt of blood into right atrium from the inferior and superior vena cava

Answer 21

venous return

Question 22

in VRG spontaneously firing neurons

Answer 22

pre-botszinger complex

Question 23

cyclinc on/off excitation repeats constantly

-produces a rate of 12-15 breats/ min

Answer 23

Eupena

Question 24

smooth out the transition from inspiratory to expiratory set by the basic rhythm of the VRG
-modify the activity of the medullary neurons

Answer 24

Pontine Respiratory centers

Question 25

transmit impulses to the VRG/DRG

-fine tunes the breathing depth and rhythms during sleep and vocalization excercise

Answer 25

Pontine Respiratory centers

Question 26

amplifies inspriration

quick expiration

Answer 26

apneustic center

Question 27

located in the medulla oblongata

-respond to increase in H+ derives from CO2

Answer 27

central chemoreceptors

Question 28

respond to an increase in Co2

-located in the aortic bodies

Answer 28

peripheral chemoreceptors

Question 29

if blood levels of CO2 or H rise, these receptors send afferent messages to DRG signaling an inrease in respiration to blow of excess CO2

Answer 29

peripeheral chemoreceptors

Question 30

reflex in new born infants when lungs are inflated to a greater-than-normal volume

Answer 30

hering breuer response

Question 31

the measurement of the density of a fluid relative to pure water

Answer 31

specific gravity