Final Exam Flashcards
A system of transport and delivery that carries away metabolic wastes and circulates blood.
Cardiovascular system
Cardiovascular system includes 4 things
1) Pump
2) A system of arteries
3) A system of Capillaries
4) A system of veins.
vessels with two functions
1) serve as the rout of distribution of body fluids to the body
2) Serve as a pressure reservoir
Arteries
serve as the actual sight of exchange between blood and tissue
Capillaries
Have two primary functions
1) a rout of return of blood to the heart
2) serve as volume reservoir
Veins
right ventricle to lungs and back to left atrium, its shoer distance and low resistance. So the right ventricle doesn’t generate much force and had very thin wall/ weaker muscle.
Pulmonary Circulation
long distance circulation, high resistance and has to generate more force so it has much thicker muscular wall
Systemic circulation
back flow of blood into the left ventricle
mitral valve prolapse
Have the “funny Na channels”
cardiac ventral cells
the pacemaker of the heart
sino atrial
SA node
area where atria is thinner than normal and membranes join each other
intercalated disk
very thick fivers that conduct AP at fast speeds
Purkinje Network
cardiac muscle cells that have lost ability to contract
AV node
measurement of the fraction of total blood volume made up by the red blood cells
Hematocrit
blood plasma is inside the
ECF
sight of CO2 exchange so when they leave this, they are deoxygenated
capillaries
_____ is highest near the heart, the further away from the source of pressure, the more it drops.
BP
systematic circulatory system from largest to smallest
aorta-> arteries-> arterioles-> capillaries-> vennules-> veins-> super interior veins
pressure of fluid (blood) pushing outward against capillary wall as it goes through the capillary
Hydrostatic Pressure
plasma having a higher concentration of of protein and Na and Cl in ECF than ICF
-attracting water back into the capillaries
colloid osmotic pressure
smooth muscle that gives arteries unique characteristics
tunica media
difference between the arteries pressure of systole and distole
pulse pressure
flow of discrete pulses
pulsation flow
only open on one end, these block the vein to prevent blood back flow
pocket valves
these have only one layer of the epithelial cells (tunica intima)
capillaries
mechanisms that control capillary blood control
1) Nervous control (symp nervous system)
2) Local control
3) reflex cardiovascular control
most abundant receptor in the capillary blood nervous (symp) control, causes internal smooth muscle to contract and puts pressure on the blood
alpha 1
action of the sympathetic nervous system
maintain high blood pressure in the major arteries of the body
-this guarantees constant blood flow to heart and brain that need it most
when the symp NS is stimulated the alpha 1 nerves will shut down to maintain______________
peripheral resistance, high arterial BP and flow to the heart.
inhibitory para sympathetic receptors
inhibitory- inhibit closing
inhibitory, however they have no connections to the sympathetic nervous system. They are sensitive to epi and norepi stimulating in the blood.
Beta 1
stopping sensation of blood flow to tissue
ischemia
abnormally increased blood flow to tissue
hyperemia
involved with the CNS, helps BP to increase and help maintain high flow to the heart and brain. involves two major receptors
reflex cardiovascular control
monitor blood pressure
- in carotid and sinus
baroreceptor
monitor chemicals
chemoreceptor
anitomical dead space of the body
-prevents gas exchange or diffusion
Airways
Healthy Alveoli are open and echanging oxygen
- the non functioning alveoli contribute to the dead space
anitomical dead space+ alveoli dead space=
physiological dead space
can sense the chemical bacteria and engulf it, keeping alveoli clean
alveoler inacrophage
is a surface-active lipoprotein complex (phospholipoprotein) formed by type II alveolar cells. The proteins and lipids that make up the surfactant have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.
*** lowers surface tension
pulmanary surfactant
lateral attraction to one another or water molecules on a surface
surface tension
-higher diameter=higher surface tension
pressure of individual gas within a mixture of gasses- proportion to the mol fraction with in the gas
partial pressure
A graphical representation of the % Hb saturation versus the surrounding PO2
O2 dissociation curve
Have no nucleus, no mitochondria, no endoplasmic reticulum and no other organelles. This means they have a very short half life in the body.
Mammalian RBC
RBC stack up on top of each other in the larger arteries
- this is to lower free energy from RBC
Rouleaux formation
hormone that stimulates RBC production
EPO
CO2 is produced in the _____ as part of the _____ cycle
mitochondria
TCA- long chain acids CO2 is produced from the decarboxylation of these acids.
when bicarbonate is transported out of the blood cell in exchange for a Cl ion. This keeps CO2 reaction going to the right and CO2 is transported as a PLASMA BICARBONATE
chloride shift
oxygen uptake that is very efficient in fish
countercurrent exchange
-direction of H2O flow across gill is in one direction and direction of blood flow from lumeillae capillaries is in the other direction.
air bubbles around the bodies of insects when they dive under water
plastron
-because of the ctene on their legs (hydrophobic hairs)
-make up 85% ( most common) nephron
-found in outer layer cortex
-does not extend to the medulla of the kidney
primary function-everyday processing of the urine
Cortical Nephron
- on inner third right on the border of the cortex and the medulla
- very long loop of henly that extends to the medulla
- focus on contracting urine
- very powerful at conserving water
Juxta medula nephron
bundles of collecting ducts that extend down into the medula
renal pyramids
empty urine to the bottome of the kidney
renal pelvis
cell to cell connections that are nor permeable
tight junctions
very common in all cell and tissue types where reabsorption is common
Brush Border
if you drink to much water the hormone____ gets activated into the posterior pituitary
Aldosterone
have an NH2 group on them (epi) These are the smallest and simplest in structure f hormones
Amines
cyclic unsaturated fatty acid derivatives. these ave a very short biological half life and tend to act locally
Prostaglandins
cyclic hydrocarbon derivatives of cholesterol (metabolic and sex hormones)
Steroids
small proT but the largest and most complex group of hormones (insulin)
Peptides
hormone synthesis is regulated by
Negative feedback
There is an enzyme that is always active in the cell that breaks down CAMP directly after it does it job and converts back to AMP
phosphodyesterase
can be inhibited by caffine
sense levels of Na in the blood. Fire neurons to hypothalamus, so you feel thirsty
Osmotic receptors
H20 is regulated by
ADH
- stimulates water reabsorption
- through a specific channel aquaporin
non specific regulation. Its primary role is something other than regulation but also has a regulatory effect.
chemical regulation
one regulatory mechanism that acts on other systems
Nervous system regulation
specific chemical regulation
hormones
the study of hormones makes up the
Endocrine system
hormone synthesis is regulated by
negative feedback loops
secretes water absorption in the hypothalamus
synaptic nucleus
secretes the kinetic hormone oxytocin
paraventricular nucleus
oxytocin inducer
pitocin
direct circulatory connection between hypothal and anterior. Allows releasing factors to be released at low concentrations direct into anterior piutiary
portal vesles
regulates glucose metabolism. During long term events like starvation, stress
glucocorticoids
Has a positive effect on the anterior pituitary, results in production of ACTH
-stimulates adrenal cortex and can also signal back to cut it off
CRH
control metabolism in endotherms and homeotherms
I3 and I4
strong regulatory agent
Ca2+
