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Animal Physiology > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

A system of transport and delivery that carries away metabolic wastes and circulates blood.

A

Cardiovascular system

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2
Q

Cardiovascular system includes 4 things

A

1) Pump
2) A system of arteries
3) A system of Capillaries
4) A system of veins.

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3
Q

vessels with two functions

1) serve as the rout of distribution of body fluids to the body
2) Serve as a pressure reservoir

A

Arteries

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4
Q

serve as the actual sight of exchange between blood and tissue

A

Capillaries

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5
Q

Have two primary functions

1) a rout of return of blood to the heart
2) serve as volume reservoir

A

Veins

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6
Q

right ventricle to lungs and back to left atrium, its shoer distance and low resistance. So the right ventricle doesn’t generate much force and had very thin wall/ weaker muscle.

A

Pulmonary Circulation

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7
Q

long distance circulation, high resistance and has to generate more force so it has much thicker muscular wall

A

Systemic circulation

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8
Q

back flow of blood into the left ventricle

A

mitral valve prolapse

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9
Q

Have the “funny Na channels”

A

cardiac ventral cells

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10
Q

the pacemaker of the heart

A

sino atrial

SA node

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11
Q

area where atria is thinner than normal and membranes join each other

A

intercalated disk

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12
Q

very thick fivers that conduct AP at fast speeds

A

Purkinje Network

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13
Q

cardiac muscle cells that have lost ability to contract

A

AV node

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14
Q

measurement of the fraction of total blood volume made up by the red blood cells

A

Hematocrit

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15
Q

blood plasma is inside the

A

ECF

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16
Q

sight of CO2 exchange so when they leave this, they are deoxygenated

A

capillaries

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17
Q

_____ is highest near the heart, the further away from the source of pressure, the more it drops.

A

BP

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18
Q

systematic circulatory system from largest to smallest

A

aorta-> arteries-> arterioles-> capillaries-> vennules-> veins-> super interior veins

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19
Q

pressure of fluid (blood) pushing outward against capillary wall as it goes through the capillary

A

Hydrostatic Pressure

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20
Q

plasma having a higher concentration of of protein and Na and Cl in ECF than ICF
-attracting water back into the capillaries

A

colloid osmotic pressure

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21
Q

smooth muscle that gives arteries unique characteristics

A

tunica media

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22
Q

difference between the arteries pressure of systole and distole

A

pulse pressure

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23
Q

flow of discrete pulses

A

pulsation flow

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24
Q

only open on one end, these block the vein to prevent blood back flow

A

pocket valves

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25
Q

these have only one layer of the epithelial cells (tunica intima)

A

capillaries

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26
Q

mechanisms that control capillary blood control

A

1) Nervous control (symp nervous system)
2) Local control
3) reflex cardiovascular control

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27
Q

most abundant receptor in the capillary blood nervous (symp) control, causes internal smooth muscle to contract and puts pressure on the blood

A

alpha 1

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28
Q

action of the sympathetic nervous system

A

maintain high blood pressure in the major arteries of the body
-this guarantees constant blood flow to heart and brain that need it most

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29
Q

when the symp NS is stimulated the alpha 1 nerves will shut down to maintain______________

A

peripheral resistance, high arterial BP and flow to the heart.

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30
Q

inhibitory para sympathetic receptors

A

inhibitory- inhibit closing

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31
Q

inhibitory, however they have no connections to the sympathetic nervous system. They are sensitive to epi and norepi stimulating in the blood.

A

Beta 1

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32
Q

stopping sensation of blood flow to tissue

A

ischemia

33
Q

abnormally increased blood flow to tissue

A

hyperemia

34
Q

involved with the CNS, helps BP to increase and help maintain high flow to the heart and brain. involves two major receptors

A

reflex cardiovascular control

35
Q

monitor blood pressure

- in carotid and sinus

A

baroreceptor

36
Q

monitor chemicals

A

chemoreceptor

37
Q

anitomical dead space of the body

-prevents gas exchange or diffusion

A

Airways
Healthy Alveoli are open and echanging oxygen
- the non functioning alveoli contribute to the dead space

38
Q

anitomical dead space+ alveoli dead space=

A

physiological dead space

39
Q

can sense the chemical bacteria and engulf it, keeping alveoli clean

A

alveoler inacrophage

40
Q

is a surface-active lipoprotein complex (phospholipoprotein) formed by type II alveolar cells. The proteins and lipids that make up the surfactant have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.
*** lowers surface tension

A

pulmanary surfactant

41
Q

lateral attraction to one another or water molecules on a surface

A

surface tension

-higher diameter=higher surface tension

42
Q

pressure of individual gas within a mixture of gasses- proportion to the mol fraction with in the gas

A

partial pressure

43
Q

A graphical representation of the % Hb saturation versus the surrounding PO2

A

O2 dissociation curve

44
Q

Have no nucleus, no mitochondria, no endoplasmic reticulum and no other organelles. This means they have a very short half life in the body.

A

Mammalian RBC

45
Q

RBC stack up on top of each other in the larger arteries

- this is to lower free energy from RBC

A

Rouleaux formation

46
Q

hormone that stimulates RBC production

A

EPO

47
Q

CO2 is produced in the _____ as part of the _____ cycle

A

mitochondria

TCA- long chain acids CO2 is produced from the decarboxylation of these acids.

48
Q

when bicarbonate is transported out of the blood cell in exchange for a Cl ion. This keeps CO2 reaction going to the right and CO2 is transported as a PLASMA BICARBONATE

A

chloride shift

49
Q

oxygen uptake that is very efficient in fish

A

countercurrent exchange
-direction of H2O flow across gill is in one direction and direction of blood flow from lumeillae capillaries is in the other direction.

50
Q

air bubbles around the bodies of insects when they dive under water

A

plastron

-because of the ctene on their legs (hydrophobic hairs)

51
Q

-make up 85% ( most common) nephron
-found in outer layer cortex
-does not extend to the medulla of the kidney
primary function-everyday processing of the urine

A

Cortical Nephron

52
Q
  • on inner third right on the border of the cortex and the medulla
  • very long loop of henly that extends to the medulla
  • focus on contracting urine
  • very powerful at conserving water
A

Juxta medula nephron

53
Q

bundles of collecting ducts that extend down into the medula

A

renal pyramids

54
Q

empty urine to the bottome of the kidney

A

renal pelvis

55
Q

cell to cell connections that are nor permeable

A

tight junctions

56
Q

very common in all cell and tissue types where reabsorption is common

A

Brush Border

57
Q

if you drink to much water the hormone____ gets activated into the posterior pituitary

A

Aldosterone

58
Q

have an NH2 group on them (epi) These are the smallest and simplest in structure f hormones

A

Amines

59
Q

cyclic unsaturated fatty acid derivatives. these ave a very short biological half life and tend to act locally

A

Prostaglandins

60
Q

cyclic hydrocarbon derivatives of cholesterol (metabolic and sex hormones)

A

Steroids

61
Q

small proT but the largest and most complex group of hormones (insulin)

A

Peptides

62
Q

hormone synthesis is regulated by

A

Negative feedback

63
Q

There is an enzyme that is always active in the cell that breaks down CAMP directly after it does it job and converts back to AMP

A

phosphodyesterase

can be inhibited by caffine

64
Q

sense levels of Na in the blood. Fire neurons to hypothalamus, so you feel thirsty

A

Osmotic receptors

65
Q

H20 is regulated by

A

ADH

  • stimulates water reabsorption
  • through a specific channel aquaporin
66
Q

non specific regulation. Its primary role is something other than regulation but also has a regulatory effect.

A

chemical regulation

67
Q

one regulatory mechanism that acts on other systems

A

Nervous system regulation

68
Q

specific chemical regulation

A

hormones

69
Q

the study of hormones makes up the

A

Endocrine system

70
Q

hormone synthesis is regulated by

A

negative feedback loops

71
Q

secretes water absorption in the hypothalamus

A

synaptic nucleus

72
Q

secretes the kinetic hormone oxytocin

A

paraventricular nucleus

73
Q

oxytocin inducer

A

pitocin

74
Q

direct circulatory connection between hypothal and anterior. Allows releasing factors to be released at low concentrations direct into anterior piutiary

A

portal vesles

75
Q

regulates glucose metabolism. During long term events like starvation, stress

A

glucocorticoids

76
Q

Has a positive effect on the anterior pituitary, results in production of ACTH
-stimulates adrenal cortex and can also signal back to cut it off

A

CRH

77
Q

control metabolism in endotherms and homeotherms

A

I3 and I4

78
Q

strong regulatory agent

A

Ca2+

Animal Physiology (2 decks)

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