lab final 2.0 Flashcards
1
Q
independent variable
A
Is the factor that you change in an experiment to see how it affects something else
2
Q
Dependent Variable
A
It is what you measure in an experiment.
3
Q
Standardized Variables
A
Are factors that are kept the same throughout an experiment
4
Q
Experimental Treatment
A
The experimental treatment is the one where the independent variable is manipulated.
5
Q
Control Treatment
A
The control treatment does not receive the experimental treatment,
6
Q
Qualitative Data
A
Describes qualities or characteristics
7
Q
Quantitative Data
A
Refers to information that can be measured and expressed as numbers
8
Q
positive control in an experiment
A
It is a part of the experiment where you know something should happen. It shows that your experiment is working properly.
9
Q
negative control in an experiment
A
is a part of the experiment where you know nothing should happen. It helps you see if anything else is affecting the results.
10
Q
length
A
meters
measured by a ruler
11
Q
volume
A
liters
measured by granulated cylinder
12
Q
temperature
A
kelvin, or Celsius
measured by a thermostat
13
Q
Mass
A
gram
measured by a digital scale
14
Q
Line graphs
A
used to track changes over short and long periods of time
15
Q
Bar graphs
A
are used to compare outcomes between different categorical groups
16
Q
x-aixs
A
independent
17
Q
y-axis
A
dependent
18
Q
test tube
A
holds liquid
19
Q
Beaker
A
holds an inaccurate amount of liquid
20
Q
Graduated cylinder
A
holds an accurate amount of liquid measured
21
Q
pipette
A
measures and transfers small amounts of liquid
22
Q
micropipette
A
measures and transfers micro amounts of liquid
23
Q
dropper bottle
A
dispenses drops of liquid
24
Q
digital scale
A
measures weight- more precise
25
Spectrophotometer
measures light absorbance
26
watch glass
holds solid and liquid samples
27
gel electrophoresis box
separates DNA fragments
28
ruler
measures length
29
Agar plate
grows bacteria colonies
30
Chromatography (paper & solvent)
separates pigments by size and polarity
31
Compound microscope
2D, the image is flipped, and one light source
32
dissecting microscope
3D, the image isn't flipped and has 2 light sources
33
Three macromolecules that are important energy sources for biological organisms:
Carbohydrate: 4 cal
Proteins: 4 cal
fats: 9 cal
34
Sudan
fats( lipids)
present: stains paper
absent: doesn't stain paper
35
Biuret
proteins
present: purple
Absent:black
36
Benedict’s
simple sugars
present: yellow, red, green, orange
Absent: Blue
37
Iodine
starch
present: black or dark blue
Absent: yellow
38
paper exam
fats
present: it was transparent
absent: not transparent
39
A candy bar contains 5g of carbohydrate, 4g of Protein, and 2g of Fat.
Carbohydrate: 5g x 4 Cal = 20 Calories
Protein: 4g x 4 Cal = 16 Calories
Fat: 2g x 9 Cal = 18 Calories
Total: 20 + 16 + 18 = 54 Calories
40
% Calories from Carbohydrate:
% Calories from Protein:
% Calories from Fat:
(20/54) x 100 = 37%
(16/54) x 100 = 30%
(18/54) x 100 = 33%
41
Identify the substrate, enzyme, product, and method of detecting enzyme activity for catecholase, catalase, and Qunione experiment
Substrate: Catechol (colorless)
Enzyme: Catecholase (source – potato)
Product: Quinone (brown)
catechol + catecholase → quinone
catechol + water → negative control
catechol + catecholase → positive control
* Testing Catecholase Activity (pg. 63):
42
Identify the substrate, enzyme, product, and method of detecting enzyme activity for Benedict’s solution. Strach, glucose, and Amylase.
Starch: substrate
Glucose: product
Amylase: enzyme
Depending on the amount of reducing sugar, the color can range from green (low concentration) to yellow, orange, or brick-red
43
Testing Catalase Activity with Potato and Yeast.
Substrate, Enzyme, Product : water and oxygen, catalase, and hydrogen perodoxide.
Substrate: hydrogen peroxide
Enzyme: catalase
Product: water and oxygen
hydrogen peroxide + catalase → water and oxygen
hydrogen peroxide + potato → experimental treatment
hydrogen peroxide + yeast → experimental treatment
* Testing Catalase Activity with Potato and Yeast (pg. 71):
44
Testing Amylase with Starch using Benedict’s test. Subsrate, Enzyme, product.
Starch, amylase, and simple sugars
Substrate: starch
Enzyme: amylase
Product: simple sugars
starch+ amylase → glucose
starch+ water → negative control
starch+ amylase→ positive control
45
Evaluate how the amount of substrate or enzyme present can affect the reaction rate
Substrate: Too much can saturate the enzyme, while too little can slow down the reaction.
Enzyme: Too much can cause faster-than-expected reactions, while too little can slow or make it hard to detect.
46
Determine how environmental factors such as temperature, PH and substrate amount can affect enzyme activity
Extreme pH values = the enzyme’s structure can change, leading to reduced activity.
Low temperature = Slow enzyme activity
high temperature= lose of enzyme activity
Low substrate concentration = Slow enzyme activity
High substrate concentration = Faster enzyme activity,
47
some similarities between compound and dissecting microscope
Light microscopes and both have adjustable focus
48
List one similarity and two differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Similar: both have a membrane
difference:
* Eukaryotic cells contain organelles
* Eukaryotic cells are larger
49
List the three Domains that encompass all living things
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
50
bacteria
domain: bacteria
prokaryotic
both- heterotrophic and autotrophic
51
Protist
domain: Eukarya
Eukaryotic
both- heterotrophic and autotrophic
52
plants
domain: Eukarya
Eukaryotic
Autotrophic
53
animals
domain: eukarya
Eukaryotic
Heterotrophic
54
Fungi
domain: Eukarya
eukaryotic
Heterotrophic
55
Identify the products and reactants to photosynthesis
input: sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide
output: oxygen and glucose
56
Chlorophyll absorbs
red and blue light
57
Spinach Experiment:
Hole-punch leaves: standardize the surface area
Bicarbonate buffer: source of CO2 and H2O
Create a vacuum in the syringe: remove the trapped air from the
leaves
Measure % floating disks: indirect measure of photosynthetic rate
58
chromatography experiment
chlorophyll a: green
chlorophyll b: green
carotene: yellow
xanthophyll: yellow
59
Describe one method of determining whether a colony growing on your exposure plate is a fungus or bacteria.
fungus will grow fuzzy, and bacteria will grow smooth
60
List two colony characteristics that microbiologists can use to describe bacterial colonies.
shape, texture, elevation, pigmentation, and surface
61
Fermentation experiment
independent: the type of sugar
dependent: fermentation
control: yeast and water
experimental treatments: the sugars
62
How does Gel electrophoresis create a fingerprint
separates DNA fragments based on
size (number of base pairs) to create a “DNA fingerprint”
63
Bryophyte: moss & liverwort
vascular tissue: Absent
pollen: Absent
Seed: Absent
Flower: Absent
Fruit: Absent
64
Pterophyte: fern and horsetail
Vascular tissue: Present
Pollen: Absent
Seed: Absent
Flower: Absent
Fruit: Absent
65
Gymnosperm: cycad and Conifer
Vascular tissue: present
Pollen: present
seed: Present
Flower: Absent
Fruit: Absent
66
Angiosperm: lily and carnation
Vascular tissue: Present
Pollen: Present
Seed: present
Flower: Present
Fuit: Present
67
Bacilli shape
rod shape
68
Cocci
round
69
spirilla
spiral
70
Foliose
leafy
71
crustose
small and flat
72
Fruticose
branched
73
Describe or illustrate two characteristics of Monocots
Flower parts in multiples of 3 and fibrous roots
74
Describe or illustrate two characteristics of Dicots
Flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5 and branched leaf veins
75
Identify the general characteristics that unite all animals
All animals are eukaryotic, multicellular organisms, and almost all animals have specialized tissues.
76
Porifera
Body symmetry: Asymmetry
Tissue: Absent
Sample organism: Sponge
77
Platyhelminthes
Body symmetry: bilateral
Tissue: present
Sample organism: flatworm and tapeworm
78
Cnidaria
Body symmetry: Radial
Tissue: present
Sample organism: jellyfish or coral
79
Mollusca
Body symmetry: Bilateral
Tissue: present
Sample organism: snail and squid
80
Annelida
Body symmetry: Bilateral
Tissue: Present
Sample organism: earthworm and leech
81
Nematoda
Body symmetry: Bilateral
Tissue: present
Sample organism: roundworms
82
Arthropoda
Body symmetry: Bilateral
Tissue: present
Sample organism: insects and crab or lobster
83
Echinodermata
Body symmetry: bilateral
Tissue: present
Sample organism: a sand dollar or seastar
84
Chordata
Body symmetry: bilateral
Tissue: present
Sample organism: birds, fish, or reptiles aka mammals
85
Identify the requirements for evolution to occur through natural selection
1. have different physical traits
2. Survivorship and reproduction depends on the trait:
3. Traits can be passed down
86
two terrestrial biomes
-desert and tropical rain forset
grassland, tundra
87
List two examples of aquatic biomes.
Open ocean, lake, and river
88
For the predation experiment that you conducted with the colored beads on the patterned cloth,
identify the following. (0.4 points)
Independent variable: _____________________________________________________
Dependent variable: _______________________________________________________
Two standardized variables: _________________________________________________
Independent variable: bead color
Dependent variable: number of survivors
Two standardized variables: predation tool, time, etc
89
For the predation experiment that you conducted with the clear beads on the white cloth, identify
the following. (0.4 points)
Two standardized variables: _____________________________________________________
Independent variable: __________________________________________________________
Dependent variable: ___________________________________________________________
Two standardized variables: predation tool, time, etc.
Independent variable: bead shape
Dependent variable: number of survivors
90
Tundra biome
climate:
plant and animal adpationtions
Climate: Tundra winters are long, dark, and cold. Below the surface, there is a layer of permanently frozen ground called permafrost.
Plants grow close together and close to the ground so they are insulated during the cold winters.
year-round residents have thick, insulating cover of feathers or fur, plumage that turns white in winter and brown in summer. Some migrate to the south during the winter but return during the summer
91
Chaparral biome
climate:
plant and animal adpationtions
-climate: by hot, dry summers and mild, rainy winters
-plants are adapted to recover from
periodic wildfires, and many species require fire to germinate successfully
- Animals living in the chaparral do not require much water, they have a smaller body size to prevent over-heating,
92
rainforest biome
climate: hot and humid biome and rains all year long
plant ad:tall tress grow to block the sunlight from getting in and blocking the ground. The ground is covered with leaf litter and decomposes quickly, which puts soil in the ground.
animals: animals are adapted to living in tress, blend into bright colors and patters, and rely on a fruit diet
93
Savannas
climate: warm year around and have dry and wet season
Plants: have plants that protect them from fires , have fire resistant tress
Animals: migrate throughout the year in search for food. There are herbivores, carnivores
94
Deserts
climate: dry hot but weather can drop at night
plants: some plants store water in their stems and use it very slowly or some only live a few weeks when raining season
animals: they have small bodies to prevent overheating and reduce water loss, Also, many animals live underground
95
grasslands
climate: hot summers, cold winters, and seasonal fires
Plants: grasses are adapted to droughts, fires, and the cold
Animals: animals migrate during the winter, while others hibernate and grow thick fur for protection
96
Temperate forset
climate: growing season during spring, summer and early fall
plants: Most tress they drop their leaves to conserve water and have thick bark to help during the winter
animals: migrate during the cold and hibernate or grow thick fur
97
coniferous forests
The winters are long, cold and dry. Summers are short and moderately warm and moist
plants :evergreen tress leafs help with reduce water lose because of the short growing season
animals:migrate during the cold and hibernate or grow thick fur
98
Electroreception
is the ability of some animals to detect electric fields in their environment, helping them sense nearby objects or prey.
99
Magnetoreception
is the ability of some animals to detect Earth's magnetic field, which helps them navigate and find their way
100
Echolocation
is the process by which animals, like bats and dolphins, use sound waves to locate objects or prey by listening to the echoes that bounce back.
101
