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Clinical Pathology I > Lab Final > Flashcards

Lab Final Flashcards

1
Q

ESR: Reference Ranges

A

-Reference Range: Males <40 (1-15mm/hour)/Women <40 (1-20mm/hour)
-Reference Range >40: Males (Age/2) & Female (Age +10/2)

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2
Q

ESR >100 requires:

A

Immediate further testing, labs, imaging

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3
Q

Fecal Occult: How to perform

A
  1. 2 drops in Box A & B: wait 30 seconds= Blue is (+)
  2. 2 Drops below on +++ strip: Wait 30s = Blue (++) is confirmatory
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4
Q

Fecal Occult screens for:

A

-Colorectal cancer
-Ulcerative conditions of the GI tract
-Monitoring IDA/Recovery from surgery

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5
Q

UA: Color

A

-Milky: pus, bacteria, fat
-Red/smoky brown: Blood
-Yellow foam: Bile
-Pigments: Never normal
-White foam: Albumin
-Coca-cola colored: AGN-Streptococcal infection

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6
Q

UA: Turbidity

A

-Normal: Clear
-Abnormal: Blood, myoglobin, WBCs, mucous, bilirubin, bacteria

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7
Q

UA: Odor

A

-NL: aromatic
-Abnormal:
1. Ammoniacal: Bacterial decomposition of urine (urine retention)
2. Fruity (sweet): Ketone bodies (DM)
3. Stale Water: Advanced kidney disease
4. Foul: Bacteriuria (UTI)

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8
Q

UA: Specific Gravity

A

-NL: 1.003-1.030
-Low: Excessive Hydration (Diabetes Insipidus)
-High: Dehydration (Diabetes Mellitus), Fever-could also cause this
-Fixed @ 1.010: Advanced kidney failure

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9
Q

UA: pH

A

-NL: 4.5-8.0
-Low: Acidosis, fevers, high protein diets
-High: Alkalosis, cystitis

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10
Q

UA: Proteinuria

A

-Mostly indicative of renal disease
-Strip is sensitive to albumin
-Trace proteinuria: NOT clinically significant

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11
Q

Functional vs. Organic Proteinuria

A

-Functional proteinuria: Not associated with easily demonstratable systemic or renal damage
-Orthostatic proteinuria: MCC; Large amount of protein excreted in urine (standing) but normal sitting
-Organic Proteinuria
-Prerenal: Fever, hypertension
-Renal: Glomerulonephritis, Pyelonephritis
-Postrenal: Cystitis, urethritis, prostatitis

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12
Q

UA: Glycosuria

A

-Normal renal threshold: 180 mg/dL
-Glycosuria w/o hyperglycemia: Pregnancy
-Glycosuria w/ hyperglycemia: Diabetes Mellitus (MCC)

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13
Q

UA: Ketonuria

A

-Causes: Diabetes mellitus (type I), Starvation, Severe hydration, Kids

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14
Q

UA: Blood

A

-Hematuria: Bleeding as a result of trauma or irritation; Ie. Kidney stone-Nephrolithiasis
-Hemoglobinuria: Lysis of RBCs in urinary tract, intravascular hemolysis, or transfusion

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15
Q

UA: Leukocyte Esterase

A

-Prescence of WBCs (Inflammation): Pyuria

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16
Q

UA: Nitrite

A

-Bacteria: Gram negative
-Reductase: Nitrate->nitrite (E. Coli)
-4 hour incubation

17
Q

UA: Bilirubin

A

-Causes: Biliary tract obstruction (cholelithiasis), Liver disease
-Unconjugated bilirubin (not soluble)

18
Q

UA: Urobilinogen

A

-Similar significance to bilirubin
-Small amount: NL
-False +: Warm urine

19
Q

Hematocrit

A

-Reference Range: Women (37-47%)/Men (40-54%)
-Hb x 3 = Hct

20
Q

Hemoglobin

A

-Reference Range: Women (14.0g/dL +/-2)/Men (16.0/dL +/- 2)
-Anemia: Women (<11g/dL)/Men (<13g/dL)
-Limitations: Tourniquet on too long (>1 min), Dehydration

21
Q

Monospot

A

-Heterophile antibody test: Rapid, inexpensive less sensitive & less specific
-CBC: Leukocytosis, Lymphocytosis (>50%), Reactive lympocytes (>10%), Thrombocytopenia
-Management: Avoid strenuous exertion-contact sports, heavy lifting, NO side posture

22
Q

Neutrophil

A

-Elevation (Neutrophilia): Physiologic: Stress (Exposure to cold, pregnancy, drugs), Pathologic: Acute bacterial infection, general inflammation
-Decreases: Neutropenia (Viral Infections)

23
Q

Lymphocyte

A

-Elevations: Lymphocytosis (Viral Infections)
-Decreases: Lymphocytopenia (Bacterial Infections)

24
Q

Monocyte

A

-Elevation: Good sign; Recovery from infection

25
Q

Eosinophil

A

-Elevation: Allergy (6-10%)/Parasite (25-30%), Malignancies

26
Q

Basophil

A

-Elevation: Hypersensitivity reaction, myxedema, myeloproliferative conditions (CML, PCV, BAD until proven otherwise

27
Q

Causes for RBCs on a microscopic exam

A

-Causes: AGN, Nephrolithiasis, GU malignancy, Benign prostatic hyperplasia, cystitis, pyelonephritis
-0-2/HPF

28
Q

RBC Casts are associated w/:

A

AGN

29
Q

WBCs on microscopic exam are caused by:

A

-Causes: Pyelonephritis, Renal TB, Cystitis

30
Q

WBC Cast is associated with:

A

Acute pyelonephritis

31
Q

Epithelial cells indicate:

A

Contamination

32
Q

Lipid casts are associated with

A

Advanced kidney disease

33
Q

Pseudocasts indicate

A

Fibre/Dust

34
Q

Crystals typically have no significance

A

True

Clinical Pathology I (11 decks)

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