Lab - Exercise 3 Flashcards
Totipotent cells
Created after fertilization. Genetic potential to create every cell of the body and the nourishing placenta and extra-embryonic tissues. It can form a human being. This cell divides into multiple Totipotent cells up to 5 days (3-4 cellular divisions) after fertilization
Pluripotent cells (embryonic stem cells)
After 5 days, these cells specialize and form hollow balls of cells a blastocyst. This has an outer layer of cells (which becomes the placenta and fetal supporting tissues within the uterus) and a cluster of cells inside the hollow sphere called the inner cell mass (which becomes every cell of the body). This constitutes pluripotent cells, meaning they each have the potential to create every cell of the body but not the necessary placenta and extra-embryonic tissues and thus cannot form a human being. They can be isolated from embryos and the germ line cells of fetuses.
Blastocyst
Hollow ball of cells
Multipotent Cells
Pluripotent cells soon undergo further specialization into multipotent cells (adult stem cells) which can give rise to a limited number of other particular types of cells. They are found in both developing fetuses and fully developed human beings. There are limitations to using multipotent cells. They have not been identified for every type of mature body cells. Only about 60 different types have been isolated and the human body has at least 260 different types of cells. They are often in minute quantities as their numbers decrease in age. They take time to mature in culture. These cells often contain DNA damage due to aging, sunlight exposure (radiation), toxins, and random DNA mutations. Spontaneous mutations are also more likely to show up in older multipotent cells than the younger pluripotent cells.
Plasticity
The ability to be molded or altered
Inner cell mass isolation from embryonic tissue
The inner mass of blastocyst of an embryo constitutes pluripotent cells. (in-vitro fertility)
Primordial germ line isolation from fetal tissue
Pluripotent stem cells can be derived from the primitive germ line stem cells that exist from the blastocyst state until their migration to and conversion within the developing gonads into either sperm or egg stem cells. (terminated pregnancies)
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (therapeutic cloning)
Unfertilized egg. Nucleus is removed. Then nucleus of somatic cell is transplanted into the enucleated egg.
Glucose’s role in cellular respiration
This molecule is necessary to start reactions of glycolysis
Pyruvate ‘s role in cellular respiration
end-product of glycolysis that enters mitochondria to start cutric acid cycle
NAD+’s role in cellular respiration
“empty” electron carrier
NADH’s role in cellular respiration
“full” electron carrier
How does cyanide effect the electron transport chain and the production of ATP?
It would stop the electron transport chain at the 3rd location. This blocks progression to Enzyme complex 3, which is where oxygen acts as the last electron acceptor and ATP is formed. Electron carriers take on electrons but cant deposit them
Mitosis
Nuclear content divide in an event called Karyokinesis. Very precise. Identical chromosome sets are evenly distributed between the two forming cells
Karyokinesis
nucleus movement
