Lab Exam: Terminology Flashcards
Sagittal Plane
(Lateral Plane)
A vertical plane dividing the body left from right.
Coronal Plane
(Frontal Plane)
A vertical plane dividing the body anterior from posterior
Transverse Plane
(Axial Plane)
A horizontal plane dividing the body superior from inferior.
Median Plane
A Sagital plane cut through the midline of the body, dividing left and right equally.
Dorsal
Back side
Posterior
Rear
Ventral
Belly side
Anterior
Front
Superior
Cranial or Upper
Inferior
Caudal or Lower
Peristalsis
Waves of muscle contraction along digestive tracts like the esophagus or intestines.
Epiglottis
A flap of cartilage at the root of the tongue that is depressed during swallowing to block the windpipe (trachea).
Pyloric Sphincter
A sphincter that regulates passage from the stomach to the duodenum of the small intestine.
Lower Esophageal Sphincter
A sphincter that prevents back-flow of bile from the stomach to the esophagus.
Pepsin
An enzyme produced by the stomach that breaks down proteins into polypeptides
Bicarbonate
Excreted by the pancreas to regulate pH levels in the small intestine. It is a base that neutralizes the acidity of bile.
Bile
Secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, it emulsifies lipids.
Amylase
An enzyme produced in the salivary glands and the pancreas that breaks carbohydrates down into simpler sugars.
Villi
Tiny hair-like protrusions that increase surface area and facilitate absorption in the small intestine.
Nephron Functions
- Glomerular Filtration: The process of filtering blood of excess fluid and waste products.
- Tubular reabsorption: Water, nutrients, and ions are reabsorbed.
- Tubular Secretion: Toxins and H+ ions are actively secreted from the blood into tubules.
- Excretion: Urine is produced
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
A hormone that promotes water reabsorption in the kidneys. Produced when body needs to conserve water.
Spermatogenesis
The process in which a primordial germ cell undergoes mitotic and meiotic division to produce sperm cells
- Primordial Germ Cell x1
- Primary Spermatocyte x1
- Secondary Spermatocyte x2
- Spermatids x4
- Spermatozoa (Sperm cells) x4
Oogenesis
The process in which a primordial germ cell undergoes mitotic and meiotic division to produce an egg cell.
Only one ovum (egg) is produced from Oogenesis.
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
(HCG)
A hormone that stimulates the Corpus Luteum into producing progesterone to maintain pregnancy.
Cardiac Cycle
Diastole: Heart relaxes and the chambers fill with blood.
Aortic & Pulmonary Valve: Closed
Tricuspid & Mitral valve: Open
Atrial Systole: The L&R Atrium contract and force blood into the ventricles.
Aortic & Pulmonary Valve: Closed
Tricuspid & Mitral valve: Open
Ventricular Systole: L&R Ventricle contract. Blood pushed out of the ventricles and to the body and lungs.
Aortic & Pulmonary Valve: Open
Tricuspid & Mitral valve: Closed
Plasma
55% of blood
- Water
- Ions
- Plasma proteins
- Stuff
Cellular Elements of Blood
45% of blood
- Red blood cells
- White blood cells (Leukocytes)
- Platelets