Lab exam review sheet

Question 1

What is the product rule?

Answer 1

The product rule states the probability that 2 or more individual events will occur is equal to the product of their individual probabilities.
With independent events:
Probability of event 1 AND event 2 = Probability of event 1 * probability of event 2
For example, the probability that both coins
will turn up heads is: 1/2 * 1/2 = 1/4 or 0.25

Question 2

What is the sum rule?

Answer 2

States the probability of an event that can occur in 2 or more independent ways is the sum of their separate probabilities.
With mutually exclusive events:
Probability of event 1 OR event 2 = Probability of event 1 + probability of event 2
For example, in the sum rule, we have 1/4 (tails) + 1/4 (heads) = 2/4 = 1/2 or 0.5 - for heads or tails

Question 3

What is the binomial expansion?

Answer 3

Question 4

Identify the stages of the cell cycle in the onion root tip.

Answer 4

Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Question 5

Using images of a slide of Sordaria, know how to determine if crossing over has occurred in the asci .

Answer 5

If the ascospores are arranged 4 dark/4 light, count the ascus as “No crossing over.” If the arrangement of ascospores is in any other combination, count it as “Crossing over.”

Question 6

6. Given the number of cross over/ non cross over asci, be able to calculate map distance between genes.

Answer 6

Analyzing your results

1. Calculate your average map distance based on the data from the 3 slides. _
2. 7 + 37.5 + 31.25 = 104. 45 – total map distance
3. 45 / 3 = 34.82 map - average

Question 7

Diploid meaning

Answer 7

Diploid - is a cell that contains 2 complete sets of chromosomes,
one from each parent.

Question 8

Haploid meaning

Answer 8

Haploid - is a cell that has a half of the set of unpaired chromosomes.

Question 9

Haploid vs Diploid

Answer 9

Haploid - State of a cell with one copy of each chromosome. Human gametes have one copy of 23 chromosomes.
Diploid - State of a cell with 2 copies of homologous chromosomes. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, which is total 46 chromosomes.

Question 10

Micropipettor

Answer 10

Instrument that measures very small volumes, usually less than 1 mL, accurately

Question 11

Thermal Cycler

Answer 11

Equipment, which is used for the polymerase chain reaction.

Question 12

What is the expected ratio for the monohybrid cross?

Answer 12

This is a cross between 2 individuals, where we have one trait. From the cross, we have, P1 = homozygous dominant (yellow) and homozygous recessive (green).
F1 = Heterozygous (yellow) and F2 = 3 (yellow) : 1 (green)

Question 13

What is the expected ratio for the dihybrid cross?

Answer 13

This is a cross between 2 individuals, where we have 2 traits.
The expected ratio for the dihybrid cross is 9 : 3 : 3 : 1

Question 14

Degree of freedom

Answer 14

Degree of freedom = the number of categories - 1 = the row for the p-value chart

Question 15

How to find the Chi-square?

Answer 15

X^2 = sum of (O-E)^2 / E for each row

Question 16

How do we find the p-value?

Answer 16

We look on the left side of the p-value chart and we only look on our row for the degree of freedom to find the number closest to the chi-square. When, we find this number, we look on our column (vertically) on top and that’s how we find our p-value

Question 17

Test-cross definition

Answer 17

The test cross is mating an organism that expresses dominant
phenotype (but unknown genotype) with a known genotype of homozygous
recessive.

Question 18

How many chromatids does the diploid cell has before vs after interphase

Answer 18

Question 19

How many chromatids does the haploid cell has after: meiosis I vs meiosis II?

Answer 19

Question 20

Be familiar with the equation to calculate the amount of time a cell spends in a phase.

Answer 20

Time for one phase = (number of cells in a phase) / (total number of
cells counted) * (total number of minutes)

Question 21

What are the phases the cell spends the most time in.

Answer 21

Interphase (the most time) and the next longest is prophase

Question 22

Given data from a test cross, determine if a gene is linked or not.

Answer 22

Question 23

What is the equation for dilution?

Answer 23

C1 V1 = C2 V2, C stands for concentration (mol/L), V stands for volume

Question 24

What are the basics of gel electrophoresis including how materials move through the gel?

Answer 24

We load DNA into the wells with the loading dye (buffer). The chamber, which contains the gel is connected to the electrical current. As a result, charged molecules in the samples migrate through the pores of the gel toward their pole of attraction. Molecules with a net negative charge migrate toward the positive electrode and molecules with a net positive charge migrate toward the negative electrode.

Question 25

What is the gene cloning process?

Answer 25