Introduction PPT Flashcards
What is Genetics?
the study of heredity and variation
Structurally cells are of two basic types. What are they?
They are eukaryotic and prokaryotic
What is the fundamental unit of heredity?
The fundamental unit of heredity is the gene
Genetic information is carried in the macromolecules called?
DNA and RNA
Where the genes are located?
Genes are located on chromosomes
What is the Central Dogma of Biology?
Central Dogma of Biology states genetic info is transferred from
DNA-> mRNA -> protein
Difference between genetic make up of an organism vs physical expression
Genotype vs Phenotype
What is the fundamental macromolecule of DNA?
nucleic acid (deoxyribonucleic acid)
DNA is composed of subunits called
Nucleotides
DNA nucleotide consists of 3 parts?
(1) phosphate group
(2) pentose sugar —-> deoxyribose (name)
(3) nitrogenous base (adenine, cytosine, guanine, or thymine)
What is the sugar phosphate backbone of DNA?
It’s the sugar phosphate backbone, which connects one nucleotide of deoxyribose sugar and phosphate group to another nucleotide in the row
What are the Nitrogenous (N) bases of DNA?
They are Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G) and Cytosine (C)
What is the meaning of antiparallel strand?
When strands are antiparallel, it means that they run in opposite directions 5’ – 3’ strand and 3’ – 5’ strand.
What is the meaning of complementary strand in DNA?
The complementary strand in DNA means that A = T and C = G (complementary base pairing).
How the base pairs are connected to each other?
The base pairs are connected to each other with the help of
Hydrogen bonding.
How many H bonds do we have A = T vs C = G for DNA
We have 2 hydrogen bonds for A = T and 3 hydrogen bonds C = G
in DNA.
What are the purines?
The purines are Adenine and Guanine with 2 rings
What are the pyrimidines?
The pyrimidines are the one rings: Cytosine and Thymine (in DNA); and Uracil (in RNA)
Different versions of genes are called
Alleles.
What is the nucleotide of RNA?
(1) phosphate group
(2) pentose sugar (ribose)
(3) nitrogenous base, but Uracil replaces Thymine
Proteins are made of? (continue on my own)
Proteins are made of amino acids
What is the general structure of amino acid? (Hint: 3 parts)
(1) amino group
(2) carboxyl group
(3) side chain
The side chain determines what?
The chemical properties of amino acid
The protein is made up of?
20 different amino acids
The order of amino acids determines what?
The order of amino acids determines the type of protein and its 3D structure
What are the levels of protein structure?
primary s-re, secondary s-re, tertiary s-re and quaternary s-re
DNA packed into chromosomes found in?
The nucleus
How is DNA condensed?
In humans, DNA condensed using histone proteins and chromatin.
This means that histone proteins take the DNA and wrap it up, decreasing the length of DNA.
What is the genome?
Genome is the entire set of chromosomes in each cell of an organism
What are the homologous chromosomes (homologs)?
Homologs are chromosomes that contain the same set of genes, but have different alleles for some genes
What is biparental inheritance?
Biparental inheritance is a type of inheritance where the progeny inherits a maternal and a paternal allele for one gene. The progeny gets 23 chromosomes from each parent, which is total 46 chromosomes.
Cell division that maintains chromosome number is termed?
Mitosis
Cell division that decreases chromosome number by half is termed?
Meiosis
Haploid vs Diploid
Haploid - State of a cell with one copy of each chromosome. Human gametes have one copy of 23 chromosomes.
Diploid - State of a cell with 2 copies of homologous chromosomes, which is total 46 chromosomes.
What is loci (locus)
Loci (locus) is the specific location of the gene
What is karyotype?
the number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell nuclei of an organism
What is Transmission genetics?
studies basic principles of heredity- how traits are passed from one generation to the next.
-Focus- individual organism
What is the Molecular genetics?
It’s the chemical nature of the gene itself. Replication, transcription and translation, gene regulation
What is Population genetics?
Population genetics - explores the genetic composition of groups of indiv. members of same species and
how that changes over time and space.
Genes vs Allele difference
Genes determine the letter from the alphabet. But the allele specifies whether the letter is uppercase (A) or lowercase (a)
Haploid
an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes (1n)
Diploid
an organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number (2n)
