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Fires > Lab Exam Review > Flashcards

Lab Exam Review Flashcards

1
Q

approximately how many fire monitoring stations in Alberta?

A

120 Lookout Towers
45 Ranger Stations
35 Remote Automatic Weather Stations (RAWS)
almost 200 total

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2
Q

When are observations taken?

A

Daily at 1300 hrs

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3
Q

What is recorded in these observations?

A 
temperature high and low for last 24 hrs
relative humidity and dew point
wind speed, direction and gusts (15 km more that avg w.s.)
precipitation
Additional info at manned weather stations:
obstruction to visibility
cloud type
sky condition
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4
Q

define temperature and when is it taken?

A

daily at 0800, then reset.

degree of warmth or cold as measured on a definite scale.

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5
Q

what is a minimum thermometer and maximum thermometer

A

minimum: used to measure present temperature as well as, the minimum temperature in the last 24 hours
maximum: displays the maximum temperature in the last 24 hours

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6
Q

how is relative humidity found?

A

consulting a specific table using dry and wet bulb temperatures. the Fan Psychrometer is used to determine these.

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7
Q

what is wind?

A

horizontal movement of air. wind direction is the direction that the wind is coming from. the Anemometer is used to measure the 10-minute, open wind speed.

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8
Q

what is precipitation?

A

any product resulting from the condensation of atmospheric moisture, which is deposited on the earths surface.
3 forms: liquid, freezing, frozen
is recorded in millimeters
precipitation gauge.

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9
Q

what are the 2 types of cloud appearance?

A

Stratiform: layer clouds = stable atmosphere
Cumuliform: vertically developing clouds = unstable atmosphere

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10
Q

3 types of cloud height

A

high clouds = Cirro- 20,000ft or higher
middle clouds = Alto- 6,500ft to 20,000ft
low clouds = Strato- surface to 6,500ft

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11
Q

High Clouds

A

Cirrus
almost exclusively ice crystals, have a clean white appearance
thin or nearly transparent, sun can be seen through them
may be stratiform or cumulifrom

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12
Q

Middle Clouds

A

Alto
range from white to grey
white = ice crystals, grey = water vapour
may be stratiform or cumuliform

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13
Q

2 important middle cloud types

A 
Altocumulus Castellanus (ACC)
well defined turrets giving it a castle appearance, if form early in day indicated atm instability and could have thunderstorm later
Lenticular clouds (LENS)
distinctive lens shape with thin edges, down wind end frayed. Form when sting winds flow over a north-south trending mountain range. indicates strong winds aloft, tend to put a drown on fires which increases burning intensity
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14
Q

Low Clouds

A

Strato
stratiform or cumuliform
can be grey or white
low cumuliform classified separately from layer clouds
non-consecutive low clouds classed as “L” in forestry system

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15
Q

Cumulus (CU)

A

updrafts only
usually no precipitation
low vertical development
no substantial vertical growth when observed for 10-15 minutes

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16
Q

Towering Cumulus (CU+)

A 
up and down drafts
may have precipitation
Is growing vertically.
may be individual towers or turrets rising from main body
2-3 minutes - visible change
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17
Q

Cumulonimbus (CB)

A

down drafts only
rain, hail or both
very large, in final stage of development.
often very dark and ominous looking, has in anvil shape from geostrophic winds
thunder and lightening present along with precipitation

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18
Q

what is Verga

A

precipitation that falls from the cloud that is reabsorbed into the drier atmosphere below
looks like streaks angling out from the base of the cloud

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19
Q

how are down drafts generated?

A

rain falling out of a mature thunderstorm dragging moist cool air with in. this air is compressed and warmed. strongest down drafts at front of cell

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20
Q

Define the fire weather index (FWI)

A

quantifies danger in terms of ease of ignition, rate of spread, difficulty of control and fire impact

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21
Q

define Fire Danger

A

assessment of both fixed and variable factors of the fire environment which determine the ease of ignition, rate of spread, difficulty of control and fire impact.

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22
Q

Fire Weather Observations

A

Temperature, Relative Humidity, Wind, Rain

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23
Q

Fuel Moisture Codes

A

FFMC, DMC, DC

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24
Q

Fire Behaviour Indexes

A

ISI, BUI, FWI

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25
Q

describe ISI

A 
Initial Spread Index
the potential forward rate of spread in fine fuels
influenced by FFMC and Wind
0 - 100+
critical threshold is 10
26
Q

describe BUI

A 
Build Up Index
the amount of fuel available for consumption
influenced by DMC and DC
0 - 200+
critical threshold is 60
27
Q

describe FWI

A 
Fire Weather Index
the potential fire intensity
influenced by ISI and BUI
0 - 70+
critical threshold is 30
28
Q

describe FFMC

A 
Fine Fuel Moisture Code
moisture content on cured fine fuels, litter and twigs < 1cm
indicative of relative ease of ignition
influenced by Temp, RH, Wind, Rain
0 - 96
Critical threshold is 90
0.6mm precip or more makes value drop
29
Q

describe DMC

A

Duff Moisture Code
moisture content of loosely compacted duff 5-10 cm deep and medium branches
indicates probability of lightening fires
influenced by Temp, RH, Rain
0 - 150+
Critical threshold is 60
1.5mm+ drops value

30
Q

describe DC

A

Drought Code
moisture content of deep compacted organic fuels and large woody fuels
Indicates relative control and mop-up difficulties
influenced by Temp, Rain
0 - 800+
Critical threshold is 300
2.9mm+ precip drops value

31
Q

describe HFI

A

Head Fire Index
numerical ranking of difficulty of control for specific fuel types
1 - 6
Critical threshold is 3

32
Q

Fire Weather Index Values (flip)

A

0 - 5 Low Green
6 - 14 Moderate Blue
15 - 22 High Yellow
23 - 30 Very High Orange
31+ Extreme Red

33
Q

Fire Pumps

A

Mark 3 and Floto-Pump

34
Q

Mark 3 pre operation

A

have plastic sheet underneath
tie pump down
check water so suction pump is clear and only taking in clean water (tied to shovel or overhanging log)
prime pump with water, no air left
attach ball valve to protect from back pressure
attach by-pass line to ball valve for return water

35
Q

Mark 3 operation

A

HEARING PROTECTION
reset rod pushed in
prime engine with primer bulb (not necessary is warmed up)
cold start = choke on
set throttle to start
pull cord till engine starts
IMPORTANT: once started let idle for 2 minutes w/out increasing throttle to run position

36
Q

Mark 3 shut down

A

ease back on throttle to stop and let idle down for 1 minute
disconnect fuel line
disconnect and drain pump and hoses

37
Q

what is Head

A

elevation difference between fire and pumping site. creates back pressure
equal to 0.5 psi/foot of elevation gain OR divide elevation in feet by 2

38
Q

what is Friction

A

loss is caused by the type and length of hose laid out between pump and the fire

39
Q

minimum psi required at nozzle to work fire effectively?

A

25 psi

40
Q

calculation for pump pressure

A

Pump pressure output (275 psi) - Head + Friction Loss

41
Q

Single pump system

A

water source to pump, to 3 way valve (for by-line) to nozzle or second 3 way valve for two nozzles

42
Q

Parallel Pump System

A

water source to two independent pumps each with own by-pass line, to 3 way valve, to nozzle or second 3 way valve for two nozzles

43
Q

Tandem Pump System

A

water source to single pump, to second single pump. to 3 way valve for by-pass, to nozzle or second 3 way valve for two nozzles
pump A should run slighting higher than pump B to maintain water pressure

44
Q

C-1

A

Spruce- Lichen Woodland

-open stands of black spruce in dense clumps on well-drained upland sites

45
Q

C-2

A

boreal spruce

-moderately well-stocked black spruce stands on upland and lowland sites

46
Q

C-3

A

Mature jack or lodgepole pine

-fully stocked (1000-2000 stems/ha) mature jack pine or lodgepole pine stands

47
Q

C-4

A

immature jack or lodgepole pine

-pure dense (10 000-30 000 stems/ha) stands of immature jack pine or lodgepole pine

48
Q

C-5

A

red and white pine

-moderately well-stocked stands of red and white pine.

49
Q

C-6

A

conifer plantation

-pure, fully stocked conifer plantations with full crown closure

50
Q

C-7

A

ponderosa pine/douglas fir

-open, mature, uneven-aged stands of ponderosa pine and douglas-fir

51
Q

D-1

A

leafless aspen

-pure, semi-mature, moderately well-stocked stands of trembling aspen

52
Q

M-1

A

Boreal mixedwood-leafless

-moderately well- stocked stands of boreal coniferous and percent coniferous and deciduous composition.

53
Q

M-2

A

boreal mixedwood- green

-moderately well- stocked stands of boreal coniferous and percent coniferous and deciduous composition.

54
Q

M-3

A

dead balsam fir/mixedwood-leafless

-moderately well-stocked stands of black and white spruce, jack pine or white birch with dead balsam fir.

55
Q

M-4

A

dead balsam fir/mixedwood-green

-moderately well-stocked stands of black and white spruce, jack pine or white birch with dead balsam fir.

56
Q

S-1

A

jack or lodgepole pine slash

-clear-cut logging slash from mature jack pine or lodgepole pine stands

57
Q

S-2

A

spruce/balsam slash

-clear-cut logging slash from mature or over-mature stands os white and or engelmann spruce and subalpine fir

58
Q

S-3

A

coastal cedar/hemlock/douglas-fir slash

-slash resulting from higher-lead logging of mature to overmature western red cedar, western hemlock and douglas-fir

59
Q

O-1a

A

matted grass

-occasional trees or shrub clumps

60
Q

O-1b

A

standing grass

-occasional trees or shrub clumps

Fires (8 decks)

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