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FORS 2107 > lab exam - definitions > Flashcards

lab exam - definitions Flashcards

1
Q

surface tension

A

the tendency of liquid surfaces at rest to shrink into the minimum surface area possible

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2
Q

directionality

A

combination of the direction of travel and the angle of impact. It indicates the direction the blood was traveling when it impacted the target surface

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3
Q

angle of impact

A

the angle at which a blood drop strikes a surface

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4
Q

point of convergence

A

the point of intersection generated by lines drawn through the long axes of individual stains that indicates in two dimensions the location of the blood source

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5
Q

point of origin

A

the three-dimensional location from which blood spatter originated

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6
Q

force vs stain size relationship

A

the higher the force is, the smaller the bloodstain will be

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7
Q

projected bloodstain

A

created when an exposed blood source is subjected to an action or force, greater than the force of gravity

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8
Q

transfer bloodstain

A

result from objects coming into contact with existing bloodstains and leaving wipes, swipes, or pattern transfers behind

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9
Q

passive bloodstain

A

result from gravity acting on an injured body

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10
Q

scalloping

A

edge pattern. Can help indicate the height from which the drop fell and the directionality.

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11
Q

drip pattern

A

results from a liquid that dripped into another liquid, at least one of which was blood. Often surrounded by satellite stains

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12
Q

satellite stain

A

a smaller bloodstain that originated during the formation of the parent stain as a result of blood impacting a surface

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13
Q

spill pattern

A

result of a volume of blood that falls or spills on a surface

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14
Q

pool pattern

A

result of an accumulation of liquid blood falling at low velocity/from a low point on a surface

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15
Q

low velocity impact stain

A

external force of less than 5 fps creating stains generally 3 mm and larger

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16
Q

medium velocity impact stain

A

external force of 5 to 25 fps (force applied by a person using a tool) creating stains between 1 and 3 mm. Radial patterns are common and distributed like the spokes of a wheel

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17
Q

high velocity impact stain

A

external force applied to blood source is greater than 100 fps creating stains less than 1 mm (mist). Presence of back spatter that can go on the assailant and forward spatter from the exit wound

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18
Q

arterial gush

A

results from blood exiting the body under pressure from a breached artery. Creates somewhat of a stair-like pattern

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19
Q

Expirated stain

A

caused by blood from an internal injury mixing with air from the lungs being expelled through the nose, mouth, or an injury to the airways or lungs

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20
Q

castoff pattern

A

result of the centrifugal force as the weapon is swung back over the attacker’s head (tangential to arc of swing). 90° at wall and ceiling. Number of hits is always number of patterns visible + 1

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21
Q

swipe

A

pattern resulting from the transfer of blood from a blood-bearing surface onto another surface, with characteristics that indicate relative motion between the two surfaces

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22
Q

wipe

A

an altered bloodstain pattern resulting from an object moving through a pre-existing wet bloodstain

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23
Q

action

A

the functional mechanism of a breech-loading firearm that handles (loads, locks, fires, extracts, and ejects) the ammunition cartridges, or the method by which that mechanism works

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24
Q

ballistic coefficient

A

measure of a body’s ability to overcome air resistance in flight

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25
Q

black powder

A

gunpowder. Consists of a mixture of sulfur, carbon (in the form of charcoal), and potassium nitrate (saltpeter)

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26
Q

bolt action

A

a type of manual firearm action that is operated by directly manipulating the bolt (part that goes back and forth) via a bolt handle

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27
Q

break action

A

a type of manual firearm action in which the barrel or barrels are hinged much like a door and rotate perpendicularly to the bore axis to expose the breech and allow loading and unloading of cartridges

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28
Q

caliber

A

the internal diameter or bore of a gun barrel

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29
Q

cartridge

A

a tube containing an explosive substance and often a bullet

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30
Q

center fire

A

a firearm metallic cartridge whose primer is located at the center of the base of its casing

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31
Q

chamber

A

the cavity at the back end of a breech-loader’s barrel or cylinder, where the cartridge is inserted before being fired

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32
Q

choke

A

a tapered constriction of a gun barrel at the muzzle end

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33
Q

clip

A

a device that is used to store multiple rounds of ammunition together as a unit for insertion into the magazine or cylinder of a firearm

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34
Q

core

A

Conservation and Outdoor Recreation Education

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35
Q

extractor

A

in breechloading firearms, it is an action component that serves to remove spent casings of previously fired cartridges from the chamber, in order to vacate the chamber for loading a fresh round of ammunition

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36
Q

firing pin

A

the round protrusion that strikes the primer of a cartridge

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37
Q

forcing cone

A

the area in a shotgun barrel just in front of the chamber that directs the shot load into the bore

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38
Q

frangible

A

these bullets are intended to disintegrate into tiny particles upon target impact to minimize their penetration of other objects

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39
Q

frizzen

A

L-shaped piece of steel hinged at the front used in flintlock firearms. Historically called the hammer or the steel

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40
Q

gauge

A

determined by the number of lead balls of size equal to the approximate diameter of the bore that it takes to weigh one pound

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41
Q

grain

A

basic weight of the bullet

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42
Q

half-cock

A

the position of the hammer of a firearm when about half retracted and held by the sear so that it cannot be operated by a pull on the trigger

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43
Q

hammer

A

a part of the firearm that is used to strike the percussion cap/primer, or a separate firing pin, to ignite the propellant and fire the projectile

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44
Q

hang fire

A

happens when the firing pin has struck the primer and there is a delay before the gun fires

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45
Q

headspace

A

the distance measured from a closed chamber’s breech face to the chamber feature that limits the insertion depth of a cartridge placed in it

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46
Q

headstamp

A

markings on the bottom of a cartridge case

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47
Q

jacket

A

FMJ is a bullet that has a soft core, usually with lead, and is encased in a harder alloy metal such as curponickel or gliding metal

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48
Q

lever action

A

a type of firearm action which uses a lever located around the trigger guard area to load fresh cartridges into the chamber of the barrel when the lever is worked

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49
Q

magazine

A

an ammunition storage and feeding device for a repeating firearm

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50
Q

meplat

A

the technical term for the flat or open tip on the nose of a bullet

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51
Q

muzzle

A

the front end of a barrel from which the projectile will exit

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52
Q

ogive

A

the curve of a bullet’s forward section

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53
Q

pump action

A

also called slide action, it is a repeating firearm action that is operated manually by moving a sliding handguard on the gun’s forestock

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54
Q

revolver

A

a pistol with revolving chamber enabling several shots to be fired without reloading

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55
Q

rifling

A

the arrangement of spiral grooves on the inside of a rifle barrel

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56
Q

rimfire

A

relating to or denoting guns whose cartridges have the primer around the edge of the base

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57
Q

sabot

A

a device which ensures the correct positioning of a bullet or shell in the barrel of a gun, attached either to the projectile or inside the barrel and falling away as it leaves the muzzle

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58
Q

shank

A

a makeshift knife or stabbing weapon

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59
Q

single action

A

pulling the trigger does one action: it releases the hammer or the striker. If the gun’s not cocked, pulling the trigger does nothing

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60
Q

slug

A

a shotgun projectile having a round nose, a hollow base, and sides cut with a series of oblique grooves that increase the accuracy of the projectile by causing it to rotate as it passes through the smooth bore of the shotgun

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61
Q

wadcutter

A

a special-purpose flat-fronted bullet specifically designed for shooting paper targets, usually at short range and at subsonic velocities

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62
Q

BAC

A

blood alcohol concentration

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63
Q

MAE

A

when the individual was drinking just before the collecting of the breath sample, residual ethanol may remain in the oral cavity, mixed with oral fluid, which can contribute significantly to the total ethanol present in the sample and make the BAC appear much higher than it actually is

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64
Q

ratio of blood alcohol to alveolar air alcohol

A

about 2100:1, meaning that 1 ml of blood has 2100 times more ethanol than 1 ml of air from the lungs

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65
Q

ratio of blood alcohol to saliva alcohol

A

1:1

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66
Q

warn range

A

BAC between 0.05 and 0.079

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67
Q

field sobriety tests

A

groups of three tests used by police to determine if a driver is impaired. The tasks assess balance, coordination, and the ability of the driver to divide his attention to more than one task during the field sobriety test

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68
Q

qualitative test

A

identification of some or all of the constituents of the system

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69
Q

quantitative test

A

measuring the concentration (or mass) of some or all of the constituents in a system

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70
Q

volatility

A

the tendency of a substance to evaporate at normal temperatures

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71
Q

deep lung air

A

roughly the last 1/3 of an exhalation following a moderate breath in

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72
Q

depressant

A

drug that inhibits the function of the central nervous system (CNS)

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73
Q

air blank

A

the Intoxylizer 8000C collects a sample of the ambient air (which is called the air blank) to use it as a control sample

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74
Q

ambient fail

A

message that appears when the Intoxylizer detects the presence of alcohol in the air blank

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75
Q

purge fail

A

message that appears if alcohol is still detected after the instrument purged the alcohol-laden air

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76
Q

invalid sample

A

message that appears due to alcohol evaporating during the breath sampling

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77
Q

presumptive test

A

simple test for a given substance using a reagent that changes colour when mixed with the substance under investigation. It is not definitive and further confirmatory tests are always required

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78
Q

confirmatory test

A

second analytical test that can identify with certainty what the substance is (or isn’t)

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79
Q

GC-MS

A

gas chromatography mass spectrometry, used mainly for the analysis of drugs and sometimes alcohol. GC is based on differences in boiling point and provides retention time data, whereas MS provides structural information about the substance

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80
Q

dilutant/diluent

A

the diluting agent. The words are synonyms

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81
Q

false positive

A

when a positive result is obtained in the absence of the component the substance was tested for

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82
Q

hallucinogen

A

group of drugs that can produce altered states of consciousness characterized by major alterations in thought, mood, and perception, among other things (can cause hallucinations). Many cause little toxicity to organ systems (so not very fatal) and not typically considered to be habit-forming

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83
Q

narcotic

A

a drug or other substance that affects mood or behavior and is consumed for nonmedicinal purposes, especially one sold illegally

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84
Q

stimulant

A

a substance that raises levels of physiological or nervous activity in the body

85
Q

opioids

A

class of drugs that work in the brain to produce a variety of effects, including the relief of pain

86
Q

pharmacodynamics

A

the branch of pharmacology concerned with the effects of drugs and the mechanism of their action

87
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

the study of the time course of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion

88
Q

loop

A

type of print pattern in which one or more friction ridges enter on one side of the print, curve up and around and back down, then flow out on the same side of the print from which it entered. Most common type of prints

89
Q

whorl

A

form circular patterns, like tiny whirlpools

90
Q

arch

A

have ridges that form a hill or look like they have a pointed tent shape. Least common type of prints

91
Q

tented arch

A

type of print pattern similar to the plain arch but that possesses an angle, upthrust (central rise), or two of the three basic characteristics of the loop

92
Q

accidental

A

irregular shaped. Can be a mix of two or more different patterns or have a pattern that doesn’t conform to any of the definitions

93
Q

ulnar loop

A

have at least one ridge that starts on the little finger side, extends across the finger and curves back to the little finger side

94
Q

radial loop

A

have at least one ridge that starts on the thumb side, extends across the finger and curves back to the thumb side

95
Q

Sir William Herschel

A

first individual to use fingerprints on a large scale. Was a British government official living in India. He introduced fingerprint identification on a wide scale in his province in India but failed to attract interest back in England

96
Q

Henry Faulds

A

a Scottish doctor living in Japan who was the first to help the police solve a crime based on fingerprints

97
Q

Sir Edward Henry

A

invented a classification system that is still in use today

98
Q

ridge ending

A

minutiae point at the ending of a friction ridge of a fingerprint

99
Q

bifurcation

A

point where a friction ridge forks and becomes two separate ridges

100
Q

island

A

a single small ridge inside a short ridge or ridge ending that is not connected to any other ridges

101
Q

enclosure

A

formation where ridge bifurcates and rejoins to be one in a short distance

102
Q

core

A

the innermost turning point where the fingerprint ridges form a loop

103
Q

delta

A

a point in loop and whorl prints that lies within an often triangular, three-pronged, or funnel-shaped structure

104
Q

ridge count

A

the number of lines intersected if you were to draw a line from the delta to the core plus or minus 1

105
Q

minutiae

A

the points where the ridge lines end or fork

106
Q

friction ridges

A

a raised portion of the epidermis on the palmar or plantar skin, consisting of one or more connected ridge units of friction ridge skin

107
Q

latent prints

A

results from the positive reproduction of friction ridges onto a surface of some kind. They are undetectable until developed by a physical or chemical process

108
Q

inked prints

A

the intentional recording of the friction ridge skin using black ink

109
Q

10-card

A

a form used to record and preserve a person’s fingerprints (usually by law enforcement)

110
Q

central pocket loop

A

a loop with a whorl at the end

111
Q

double loop whorl

A

two loops that create an S-like pattern

112
Q

Masao Soba

A

developed superglue fuming (cyanoacrylate)

113
Q

2D footprint

A

footwear impression on a hard surface (doesn’t have depth)

114
Q

3D footprint

A

footwear impression on a soft surface (has depth)

115
Q

accidental characteristics

A

unique marks and features that develop on any item resulting from wear and tear

116
Q

Bio-Foam

A

easily compressible impression foam that was originally engineered for orthotic and pediatric modeling

117
Q

cast

A

made by pouring a mix of water and a powdered stone material, such as dental stone, into an impression. When it dries, it can be removed and creates a 3D model

118
Q

class characteristics

A

those characteristics that result from the manufacturing process, such as physical size, design, and mold characteristics

119
Q

elements/blocks

A

a single component (lug, herringbone, wave, circle, etc.) of a footwear sole distinguished by its shape that, by itself or with other design elements, comprises the tread design on that sole

120
Q

full circumference tire impression

A

an impression of a tire that represents a full rotation of that tire under load and thus represents its entire tread surface

121
Q

gait

A

the way a person walks

122
Q

grooves

A

the space or channels that separate the tread ribs and elements

123
Q

insole

A

a cushioned liner that occupies the inner surface of an item of footwear where the footrests and is placed there for comfort or protection. May be removable

124
Q

last

A

a form made of wood, metal, or synthetic material that approximates the size and shape of a foot. The upper of the footwear is stretched over the last and held in a specific shape and size throughout the manufacturing process. The size on the manufacturer’s label is directly related to the size of the last

125
Q

midsole

A

a component positioned between the upper and the outsole on some footwear to provide cushioning and support

126
Q

negative impression

A

an impression that has resulted from the removal of a substance from a substrate by a footwear outsole or tire tread

127
Q

oblique lighting

A

illumination from a light source that is at a low angle of incidence, or even parallel, to the surface of the item

128
Q

offset

A

the distance from the wheel’s centerline to the wheel’s mounting surface. Offset is measured as positive or negative

129
Q

outsole

A

the outermost layer of the sole of a boot or shoe, especially an athletic shoe

130
Q

patent impression

A

an impression visible to the naked eye

131
Q

positive impression

A

an impression that results when a shoe or tire deposits material onto a surface

132
Q

pronate

A

walk or run with most of the weight on the inside edge of the feet

133
Q

randomly acquired characteristics

A

a feature on a footwear outsole or tire tread resulting from random events. The position, orientation, size, and shape of these characteristics contribute to the uniqueness of a footwear outsole or tire tread. They are essential for an identification of a particular item of footwear or tire as the source of an impression

134
Q

release agent

A

any product that prevents soil from adhering to the cast

135
Q

retread

A

go back over (a path or one’s steps)

136
Q

ribs

A

row of continuous rubber or disconnected tire tread blocks that run circumferentially around a tire to form the tread pattern, further distinguished as center, intermediate, or shoulder ribs

137
Q

rim diameter

A

diameter of the rim that supports the tire bead, in inches

138
Q

rolling circumference

A

the linear distance traveled by a tire in one revolution under load

139
Q

shoulder

A

the portion of the tire where the tread and the sidewall meet

140
Q

sidewall

A

the portion of the tire between the shoulder and the bead that contains the tire information

141
Q

sipes

A

thin slits in a footwear outsole or tire tread to create better traction

142
Q

supinate

A

walk or run with most of the weight on the outside of the feet

143
Q

tire footprint/contact patch

A

the contact area of a tire tread against a flat surface when under load

144
Q

track width

A

the distance between the center points of the tires from one side of the vehicle to the other

145
Q

tread

A

the designed part of the tire that comes into contact with the road

146
Q

tread block

A

a shape arranged circumferentially around a tire tread that together form the tread design

147
Q

tread depth

A

a vertical measurement between the top of the tread to the bottom of the tire’s deepest groove, measured in 32nds of an inch

148
Q

tread width

A

the width of the tire tread from one edge to the other in an impression

149
Q

vulcanization

A

a process in which a rubber compound is heated under pressure causing a chemical change which transforms the rubber from a soft, tacky substance to tough, hard rubber

150
Q

wheelbase

A

the distance between the front and rear axles of a vehicle. An approximation of this dimension can be obtained by measuring the distance from the leading edge of the rear tire track to the leading edge of the front tire track on the same side of the vehicle

151
Q

angle of incidence

A

the angle an incident line or ray makes with a perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence

152
Q

angle of refraction

A

the angle made by a refracted ray with a perpendicular to the refracting surface

153
Q

annealing

A

heat (metal or glass) and allow it to cool slowly, in order to remove internal stresses and toughen it

154
Q

anisotropy

A

the property of substances to exhibit variations in physical properties along different molecular axes

155
Q

Becke lines

A

lines that show the outline of the glass sample in the liquid due to differences in refractive indices

156
Q

concentric cracks

A

fractures forming an approximately circular pattern around the point of impact

157
Q

conchoidal fractures

A

it describes the way that brittle materials break or fracture when they do not follow any natural planes of separation

158
Q

density

A

a measure of mass per volume

159
Q

etching

A

glass etching comprises the techniques of creating art on the surface of glass by applying acidic, caustic, or abrasive substances

160
Q

frosting

A

produced by the sandblasting or acid etching of clear sheet glass. This creates a pitted surface on one side of the glass pane and has the effect of rendering the glass translucent by scattering the light which passes through, thus blurring images while still transmitting light

161
Q

hertzian cone

A

produced when an object passes through a solid, such as a bullet through glass. More technically, it is a cone of force that propagates through a brittle, amorphous or cryptocrystalline solid material from a point of impact

162
Q

hackle

A

a line on the crack surface running parallel to the local direction of crack spreading

163
Q

isotropy

A

uniform in all directions. Exhibit the same material properties in all directions

164
Q

mold marks

A

marks on glass that are made from being blown into a mold (often seems or markings)

165
Q

polish lines

A

lines and markings made due to polishing the glass

166
Q

radial cracks

A

fractures extending outward from the point of impact

167
Q

ream

A

an imperfection. Non-homogeneous layers of flat glass

168
Q

refractive index

A

a dimensionless number that describes how fast light travels through the material

169
Q

rouge pits

A

defects due to polishing

170
Q

thermal history

A

the heating and cooling of glass both during and after manufacturing will affect the physical properties of the glass

171
Q

Wallner lines (ridges)

A

rib-shaped marks with a wave-like pattern

172
Q

cuticle

A

the outermost part of the hair shaft. It is formed from dead cells overlapping in layers, which form scales that strengthen and protect the hair shaft

173
Q

cortex

A

located between the hair cuticle and medulla and is the thickest hair layer. it also contains most of the hair’s pigment, giving the hair its colour

174
Q

medulla

A

the innermost layer of the hair shaft. This nearly invisible layer is the softest and most fragile

175
Q

cortical fuzi

A

tiny air bubbles in the cortex, which appear black under the microscope. Typically, larger than pigment granules

176
Q

coronal

A

scale pattern is found in hairs of very fine diameter and resemble a stack of paper cups

177
Q

imbricate

A

flattened scales. Overlapping with narrow margins

178
Q

spinous

A

petal-like scales. Triangular and protrude from hair shaft

179
Q

follicle

A

a sac from which hair grows and into which sebaceous glands open

180
Q

root

A

the part of the hair below the surface of the skin. It is therefore the part of the hair that includes and/or interacts with many other associated structures within the dermis and hypodermis layers of skin

181
Q

anogen

A

the active phase of the hair growth cycle

182
Q

catagen

A

repression of the hair follicle phase

183
Q

telogen

A

the resting stage

184
Q

follicular tag

A

a translucent piece of tissue surrounding the hair’s shaft near the root that contains the richest source of nuclear DNA associated with hair

185
Q

polymers

A

a substance that has a molecular structure consisting chiefly or entirely of a large number of similar units bonded together

186
Q

monomers

A

a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer

187
Q

carbon black

A

a fine carbon powder used as a pigment, made by burning hydrocarbons in insufficient air. Used in ink

188
Q

chromatography

A

technique involving the reaction of a small piece of the document containing the ink with a special solvent. The ink is then subjected to liquid chromatography that helps determine its source and components

189
Q

counterfeit

A

made in exact imitation of something valuable or important with the intention to deceive or defraud. A fraudulent imitation of something else (forgery)

190
Q

course of businees writing/non-request writing

A

examples of writing that are taken in the normal course of business or personal transactions

191
Q

cursive

A

written with the characters joined

192
Q

erasure

A

the removal of writing, recorded material, or data

193
Q

ESDA

A

electrostatic deposition analysis: a technique used to check the sequence in which a statement written in police custody was made. The chronology of the statement is arrived at by the examination of indentations on subsequent pages

194
Q

forgery

A

the action of forging or producing a copy of a document, signature, banknote, or work of art

195
Q

freehand imitation/simulated forgery

A

a fraudulent signature which was executed purely by simulation rather than by tracing the outline of a genuine signature

196
Q

graphite

A

a grey crystalline allotropic form of carbon which occurs as a mineral in some rocks

197
Q

graphology

A

study of the inference of character from a person’s handwriting

198
Q

hand printing

A

printed, or put on a surface, by hand rather than by machine

199
Q

holographic document

A

a document written entirely in the handwriting of the person whose signature it bears

200
Q

indentations

A

the impression from the writing instrument captured on sheets of paper below the one that contains the original writing

201
Q

ink formula

A

colorants, carriers, and additives

202
Q

iron gallontannate

A

when tannic acid (which is plentiful in red oak), water (which is plentiful in freshly sawn oak), and iron (from a saw, forklift forks, metal bands, etc.) are mixed, the result is iron tannate, a blue-black-coloured chemical

203
Q

kiting

A

the fraudulent writing or use of a check, bill, or receipt

204
Q

kaolin

A

a fine soft white clay, resulting from the natural decomposition of other clays or feldspar. It is used for making porcelain and china, as a filler in paper and textiles, and in medicinal absorbents

205
Q

line quality

A

used to describe the character and aspects of the linear mark-making in a work of art. it is not a scale of good to bad or less to more skilled; instead, it calls attention to the “hand feel” of the marks. It references the variation in width, smoothness, movement, briskness, depth, etc.

206
Q

model signature

A

signature that was used as a “model” for the forgery

207
Q

provenience

A

a record of ownership of a work of art or antique, used as a guide to authenticity or quality

208
Q

request writings/exemplars

A

legally admissible authentic samples of handwriting used for comparison with the questioned writing

209
Q

water mark

A

translucent pattern, visible when the paper is held to the light

FORS 2107 (3 decks)

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